Kara Bennett, Kaitlin Barton, & Maurissa Schoonover Period 2- Mr.Lloyd February 26, 2008

1. The Holy Roman Empire and the Church Kara Bennett, Kaitlin Barton, & Maurissa Schoonover Period 2- Mr.Lloyd February 26, 2008

2. Holy Roman Empire http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Holyromanempire.png

3. The Holy Roman Empire • After the emperor, Charlemagne, died, his empire broke up into separate states. • In 936, Duke Otto I of Saxony took the title of King of Germany. • Otto I worked closely with the church, appointing bishops to top government jobs and helping the pope to defeat rebellious Roman nobles. • In the pope’s gratefulness, Otto I was crowned emperor. Crown of the Holy Roman Empire http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Holy_Roman_Empire_crown_dsc02909.jpg

4. The Holy Roman Empire (Continued) • Otto’s successors were titled, “The Holy Roman Emperor”. “They were “holy since they were crowned by the Pope, and “Roman” because they saw themselves as heirs to the emperors of Rome”-textbook P.212 • “German emperors claimed authority over much of central and eastern Europe, as well as parts of France and Italy”, but the real rulers were the emperor’s vassals. • A problem for the emperors was disagreement over appointment of Church officials with the papacy. As the church was strengthened, popes tried to stop non-church interference. Map of Holy Roman Empire as of 1705 (next slide)

5. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Reichskarte1705.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Reichskarte1705.jpg

6. Conflict Between Pope and Emperors • The reforms that Pope Gregory VII out into action had the conflict between emperors and the Church bursting into flames. He was one of the greatest medieval popes, and one of the most controversial. • Pope Gregory VII • Was admired and revered by many, but with his enemies, he probably was the most hated pope from this time period. • Was determined to make the Church independent from worldly rulers. • In order to do this, he banned lay investiture. • Lay investiture-“Under this practice, the emperor or another lay person (a person not of the clergy) presented the bishops with the ring and staff that symbolized their office.” • Now only the pope had the right to choose bishops.

7. Conflict Between Pope and Emperors (Continued) • Emperor Henry IV • Angered by Pope Gregory’s ban • Felt that he should give the symbols of office, since he was their overlord, and “argued that bishops held their lands as royal fiefs.” • Rebellious German princes took this chance to support the pope and undermine Henry IV. • The Struggle Grows • In 1706, Henry was excommunicated, and his subjects were freed from their allegiance. • The pope then went north to crown a new emperor. • A year later, Henry traveled to the Alps of Canossa, pretending to be a repentant sinner. • The pope had no choice but to forgive him. • His excommunication order was lifted and he returned to lead again.

8. Conflict Between Pope and Emperors (Continued) • Concordat of Worms • The investiture struggle lasted for almost 50 yrs. • In 1122, a treaty stated that they accepted the Church as having the sole power to elect and invest bishops with spiritual authority. The emperor could still invest them with fiefs. Gregory VII Henry IV http://faculty.ucc.edu/egh-damerow/Henri_IV.jpg http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/gregVII.jpg

9. The Struggle for Italy • Although the treaty was signed, a new struggle between popes and emperors was formed. A struggle for Italy. • Frederick Barbarossa • Dreamed of building an empire from the Baltic to the Adriatic. • Fought to have the wealthy northern cities of Italy under his control. • Failed, but managed to have his son married to the heir of Sicily • and southern Italy. • Frederick II • As Holy Roman emperor, he pursued his dreams in Italy. • He clashed unsuccessfully with several popes and failed to • control northern Italy.

10. The Struggle for Italy (continued) • The Effects on Germany and Italy • German nobles grew more independent. • Holy Roman Empire, survived, but stayed fragmented into feudal states. • Germans paid a high price for their emperors’ quests. • Southern Italy and Sicily’s popes tried to overthrow their leaders by turning to the French. • Uprising against French rule led to 2 centuries of French and Spanish battles. • The region was reduced to ruins, compared to what it had been.

11. The Height of Church Power • Pope Innocent III claimed supremacy over all other rulers. • He clashed with all the powerful rulers of his time. Usually the pope won. • He used excommunication on various people who had done wrongs, including when Philip II tried to annul (invalidate), his marriage. • In 1209, he launched a brutal crusade (holy war) against the Albigenesians in southern France, because the group of people wanted to return to the ways of early Christianity. • Tens of thousands of people were slaughtered. • After Innocent died, popes continued to press their supremacy. • Philip IV of France won the issue of taxing the clergy, and after he also got a French pope into power, papacy entered a period of decline.