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Introduction to Operating Systems (OS)

Introduction to Operating Systems (OS). What is Operating System. Commonly abbreviated to OS or O/S ) is an interface between hardware and user. OS is most important programme that runs on a computer.

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Introduction to Operating Systems (OS)

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  1. Introduction to Operating Systems (OS) Silent_Dreem@Yahoo.com

  2. What is Operating System Commonly abbreviated to OS or O/S) is an interface between hardware and user. OS is most important programme that runs on a computer. Every general-purpose computer must have an operating system to run other programs. An operating system is a software program that enables the computer hardware to communicate and operate with the computer software. Without a operating system, a computer would be useless. Silent_Dreem@Yahoo.com

  3. OS Cycle Silent_Dreem@Yahoo.com

  4. Function of OS OS does with two things: ONE It manages the hardware resources TWO and software resources of the system. In a desktop computer, these resources include such things as the processor , memory, disk space and many more…. In cell phones, they include the keypad, the screen, the address book, the phone dialer, the battery and the network connection. OS provides a stable, consistent way for applications to deal with the hardware without having to know all the details of the hardware. Silent_Dreem@Yahoo.com

  5. Computer OS When you turn on the power to a computer, the first program that runs is usually a set of instructions in the computer's Read – only memory (ROM). This code examines the system hardware to make sure everything is functioning properly. This power-on self test BIOS checks the CPU and memory for errors and stores the result in a special memory location. Once the boot process successfully completed, the software loaded in ROM will begin to activate the computer's disk drives. The operating system's tasks, fall into six categories: • Processor management • Memory management • Device management • Storage management • Application interface • User interface Silent_Dreem@Yahoo.com

  6. Classification of OS Operating systems can be classified as follows: Multi User Allows two or more users to run programs at the same time. Some operating systems permit hundreds or even thousands of concurrent users. Multiprocessing: It runs a program on more than one CPU. Multitasking Allows more than one program to run concurrently. Multithreading Allows different parts of a single program to run at the same time. Real Time Responds to input instantly, these are General-purpose operating systems, DOS and UNIX, are not real-time Silent_Dreem@Yahoo.com

  7. Operating systems can be designed according to functionality, Supercomputing, mainframes, servers, workstations, desktops, handheld devices, real time systems, or embedded systems use different OS. Supercomputing is primarily scientific computing, usually deals with real systems. There mechanism is collections of computers that work together high processing, space and high tech research applications, large animations and special effects. Mainframes are large centralized computers and deals bulk of business and large scale database computing through time sharing. Mainframes (powerful and clusters of computers) are still useful for as centralized billing systems, inventory systems, database operations, etc. Minicomputers which were smaller, less expensive versions of mainframes for businesses that couldn’t afford true mainframes. Servers are computers or groups of computers used for internet & intranet serving, print, file and application serving. Servers are also sometimes used as mainframe replacements. Desktop operating systems are used for personal computers. Silent_Dreem@Yahoo.com

  8. Workstations are more powerful versions of personal computers. A particular workstation (like desktops) and run a more powerful desktop operating system, but workstations run on more powerful hardware and often have software associated with larger computer systems. Handheld operating systems are much smaller and less capable than desktop operating systems, so that they can fit into the limited memory of handheld devices. Real time operating systems (RTOS) are specifically designed to respond to events that happen in real time. This can include computer systems that run factory floors, computer systems for emergency room or intensive care unit equipment (or even the entire ICU), computer systems for air traffic control, or embedded systems. RTOSs are grouped according to the response time that is acceptable (seconds, milliseconds, microseconds) and according to whether or not they involve systems where failure can result in loss of life. Embedded systems are combinations of processors and special software that are inside of another device, such as the electronic ignition system on cars Silent_Dreem@Yahoo.com

  9. History of OS 1950s Some operating systems from the 1950s include: FORTRAN Monitor System, General Motors Operating System, Input Output System, SAGE (monitor weapons systems), and SOS. Batch Processing systems     Batch systems automated the early approach of having human operators load one program at a time. The operating system would schedule “batches” of related jobs. Output would be punched cards, magnetic tapes, printed material, etc. Examples of operating systems that were primarily batch-oriented include: BKY, BOS/360, BPS / 360, CAL, and Chios. Silent_Dreem@Yahoo.com

  10. History of OS 1960s Some operating systems from the early 1960s include: Admiral, B1, B2, B3,B4, Basic Executive System, BOS/360, Master Control Programme and SABRE. 1970s Some operating systems include: BKY, Chios, DOS/VS, Master Control Programme, OS/VS1, and Unix. 1980s Some operating systems include: AmigaOS, DOS/VSE, HP-UX, Macintosh, MS-DOS, and ULTRIX. 1990s Some operating systems include: BeOS, BSDi, FreeBSD, NeXT, OS/2, Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows NT. 2000s Some operating systems include: Mac OS X, Syllable, Windows 2000, Windows Server 2003, Windows ME, and Windows XP. Silent_Dreem@Yahoo.com

  11. OS Families BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution - Unix) Darwin (Mac OS X) Linux SunOS (Solaris/OpenSolaris) Windows (98, NT, ME, XP, Vista & 7) Silent_Dreem@Yahoo.com

  12. Examples of OS Microsoft Windows Operating Systems Microsoft Windows is a family of operating systems its older systems were MS-DOS for the IBM PC. June 2008, Microsoft Windows holds a large amount of the worldwide desktop market share and web and database servers. October 2001, the most widely used version of the Microsoft Windows family is Windows XP. November 2006, Microsoft released Windows Vista, a new operating system with added new features and architectural changes. Its new user interface and visual style called Windows Aero, a number of new security features such as User Account Control, and a few new multimedia applications such as Windows DVD Maker are important features. Windows 7 is currently under development; Microsoft has stated that it intends to scope its development to a three-year timeline, placing its release sometime around January 2010. Silent_Dreem@Yahoo.com

  13. Examples of OS Unix and Unix-like operating systems The Unix-like family is a diverse group of operating systems, with several major sub-categories including System V, BSD, and Linux. The name “UNIX“ is a trademark of The Open Group. Unix-like systems run on a wide variety of machine architectures. They are used heavily for servers in business, as well as workstations in academic and engineering environments. Free software Unix variants, such as GNU, Linux and BSD, are popular areas. Some Unix variants like HP's HP-UX and IBM's AIX are designed to run only on that vendor's hardware. Apple's Mac OS X, a Hybrid Kernel based BSD variant derived from NeXTSTEP, Mach, and FreeBSD, has replaced Apple's earlier (non-Unix) Mac OS. Silent_Dreem@Yahoo.com

  14. Examples of OS Mac OS Max OS X is a line of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Macintosh Inc. Mac OS X is the world's second most widely used OS after Windows. Mac OS X is the successor to the original MAC OS, which had been Apple's primary operating system since 1984. Mac OS first released in 1999 as Mac OS X Server 1.0 with a desktop-oriented version Mac OS X v10.0 following in March 2001. Since then, five more distinct "end-user" and "server" editions of Mac Mac OS X v10.5 is released and usually referred to by Apple and users as "Leopard". Mac OS X Server includes work group management and administration software tools that provide simplified access to key network services including a mail transfer agent. Silent_Dreem@Yahoo.com

  15. Examples of OS Plan 9 Bell Labs developed Plan 9 and Inferno, which were engineered for modern distributed environments. Plan 9 was designed from the start to be a networked operating system. Plan 9 has yet to become as popular as Unix, but it has an expanding community of developers. Silent_Dreem@Yahoo.com

  16. Examples of OS Real-time operating systems Real Time Operating System (RTOS) is a multitasking operating system intended for applications with fixed deadlines (Real Time Computing). Such applications include some small embedded systems, automobile engine controllers, industrial robots, spacecraft, industrial control, and some large-scale computing systems. An popular example of such a large-scale real-time operating system was Transaction Processing Facility developed by American Airlines & IBM for the Sabre Airlines Reservation System. Silent_Dreem@Yahoo.com

  17. Examples of OS Embedded systems Embedded OS are use dedicated operating systems. In some cases, the "operating system" software is directly linked to the application to produce a Special-purpose program. Embedded systems that have fixed deadlines use a real time operating system such as VxWorks, eCos, QNX, MontaVista Linux and RTLinux. Some embedded systems use operating systems such as Symbian OS, Palm OS, Windows CE, BSD and Linux although such operating systems do not support real-time computing. Silent_Dreem@Yahoo.com

  18. Examples of OS BeOS This OS is designed for real-time video and multimedia applications. It's also used by Palm Computing. It newer version called OpenBe contain advanced operating system capabilities. Silent_Dreem@Yahoo.com

  19. Examples of OS QNX It is complete real-time operating system available with an Internet exploration browser included. This operating system is widely used in British Telecom. Atheos A relatively new GUI multi-tasking operating system available on the PC. AtheOS is a free desktop operating system runs on Intel, AMD and other compatible processors and supports Multi Processor architecture. Silent_Dreem@Yahoo.com

  20. OS TYPES • Linux / Variants • MacOS • MS-DOS • IBM OS/2 Warp • Unix / Variants • Windows CE • Windows 3.x • Windows 95 • Windows 98 • Windows 98 SE • Windows ME • Windows NT • Windows 2000 • Windows XP • Windows Vista Silent_Dreem@Yahoo.com

  21. Usage of OS Windows XP Linux Windows 7 Mac OS Windows Vista Silent_Dreem@Yahoo.com

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