Final Exam Review

1. Final Exam Review English 2 CP wonderbackgrounds.com

2. What we Will Learn/Review • What we will review: • Colon and Semi-colon usage • Subject-verb agreement • Pronoun-antecedent agreement • 3 types of sentence errors • Modifiers • Correcting dangling and misplaced modifiers

3. : Why are colons important? The colon is a special punctuation mark that can serve several different purposes. • A colon can signal the reader to “get ready” for what’s next in the sentence. Our family has lived in many states: California, Arizona, Maine, and Texas. The colon says, “Now get ready to hear what those states are.”

4. Why are colons important? Often there is a number in the clause preceding the semicolon. Grammar Gal Says... I have three favorite ice creams: chocolate, strawberry, and vanilla.

5. Colons to mean “note what follows” Use a colon before a list of items, especially after expressions such as the following and as follows. In Washington, D.C., we visited three important sites: the White House, the Washington Monument, and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. Please bring the following supplies: pencils, paper, compasses, rulers, scissors, tape, and protractors.

6. Colons to mean “note what follows” Do not place a colon right after a verb. Verb Additional supplies are: a toothbrush and toothpaste, a towel, and a pillow. Incorrect Additional supplies are a toothbrush and toothpaste, a towel, and a pillow. Correct Additional supplies are as follows: a toothbrush and toothpaste, a towel, and a pillow. Correct

7. Colons to mean “note what follows” Do not place a colon right after a preposition. Preposition You need to shop for: brown shoelaces, a quart of milk, and five or six carrots. Incorrect Correct You need to shop for brown shoelaces, a quart of milk, and five or six carrots. Correct You need to shop for the following items: brown shoelaces, a quart of milk, and five or six carrots.

8. Why are semicolons important? ; Notice that a semicolon contains both a period and a comma. You can think of it as a blend of the two. A semicolon marks a pause in a sentence. It is not quite as strong as a period, but it is stronger than a comma. Slight pause (comma) Patty likes to act; her sister gets stage fright. Patty likes to act. Her sister gets stage fright. Patty likes to act, but her sister gets stage fright. Strong pause (period) Medium pause (semicolon)

9. Why are semicolons important? Semicolons are just the right punctuation mark to signal a medium pause and to help readers follow your writing. Confusing Rain soaked the earth plants became green fragrant flowers bloomed. Clear Rain soaked the earth; plants became green; fragrant flowers bloomed. [End of Section]

10. Independent clause Independent clause Semicolons between independent clauses Use a semicolon between independent clauses if the independent clauses • are closely related in meaning and • are not joined by and, but, for, nor, or, so, or yet Ted noticed the weather; he put on his raincoat.

11. Semicolons between independent clauses Remember: Use a semicolon to join independent clauses only if the clauses are closely related. Josh wants to go to Spain; she wants to go swimming. Incorrect These two clauses aren’t closely related. Josh wants to go to Spain. She wants to go swimming. Josh wants to go to Spain; she wants to go to France. Correct A period is used since the two clauses are not closely related. These two clauses are closely related. A semicolon can be used to join them.

12. Semicolons between independent clauses Remember, a semicolon must be followed by an independent clause, not a phrase. Also, the first word in an independent clause after a semicolon is lowercased, not capitalized. Grammar Guy Says... Manuel looked out at the downpour;then he put on his boots and raincoat. Manuel looked out at the downpour; put on his boots and raincoat. “Put on his boots and raincoat” doesn’t have a subject, so it is a phrase, not an independent clause. Now there are two independent clauses separated by a semicolon.

13. Subject-Verb Agreement: • Every verb must agree with its subject in person and in number. • If the subject is singular the verb must be singular • If the subject is plural the verb must be plural.

14. Singular He takes. She is friendly. It was ripe. He is running home. She has arrived. Plural They take. They are friendly. They were ripe. They are running home. They have arrived. Examples

15. Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement: • An antecedent is the word or group of words to which a pronoun refers or that a pronoun replaces. • A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in number (singular/plural) and in gender (masculine, feminine, or neuter) • Edna published her book in 1962. • Mr. Stockwell likes his students.

16. 3 Types of Sentence Errors • Fragment: Because I went to the mall. • Comma splice: I really like eating pizza, it tastes so good and cheesy. • Run-on: We went to the movies Jared was there and he said that Carmen told him everything that Lucile said about him and I denied everything.

17. What is a sentence fragment? Not all “sentences” are created equal. Look at the following two groups of words: FRAGMENT He practiced everyday. Determined to win. He practiced everyday. Determined to win. He practiced everyday.Determined to win. He practiced everyday.Determined to win. They both begin with a capital letter. They both end with a period. BUT The second does not express a complete thought. It is a sentence fragment.

18. No verb No subject Not a complete thought What is a sentence fragment? A sentence fragment does not have all the basic parts of a complete sentence. Fragments do not express a complete thought and are missing important information. EXAMPLES Is a large, hairy spider. Some tarantulas to a length of 3 1/2 inches. Although tarantulas are often feared.

19. What is a sentence fragment?Complete sentence A completesentence is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought. Verb Subject The streets are crowded. The streetsare crowded. The streetsarecrowded. Verb Subject Amonkeycried a warning. A monkeycrieda warning. A monkey cried a warning.

20. What is a sentence fragment? To identify sentence fragments, use a simple test: 1. Does the group of words have a subject? 2. Does it have a verb? 3. Does it express a complete thought? If the answer to any of these questions is no, you have a fragment.

21. What is a sentence fragment? Rei Noguchi offers other tests to identify sentence fragments. Grammar Guy Says... Test 1: Yes-No Question Turn the word group into the question “Did ?” If the question makes sense, the word group is a complete sentence. If not, then it is a fragment. SENTENCE The neighbor’s dog howled. Didthe neighbor’s dog howl? Left after lunch. Didleft after lunch? FRAGMENT

22. What is a sentence fragment? Test 2: Frame Grammar Guy Says... Plug the group of words into the frame “I know that .” If the statement makes sense, the word group is a complete sentence. If not, then it is a fragment. She is a friend. I know thatshe is a friend. SENTENCE Singing a song. I know thatsinging a song. FRAGMENT

23. What is a run-on sentence? A run-on sentence is two or more complete sentences run together as one. Run-on sentences can be confusing because they do not show where one idea ends and another one begins. EXAMPLES Reading is important textbooks help students learn. Schools today usually have books for every student, most schools also have televisions and computers.

24. What is a run-on sentence? A completesentence is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought. Verb Subject The weather was beautiful. Theweatherwas beautiful. The weatherwasbeautiful. Verb Subject The children played in the yard. Thechildrenplayed in the yard. The childrenplayedin the yard.

25. What is a run-on sentence? Where are the complete sentences in the examples below? Reading is important textbooks help students learn. Schools today usually have books for every student, most schools also have televisions and computers.

26. How to fix a run-on sentence Compound sentences To figure out where one sentence ends and another begins, look for changes in the topic or idea. Grammar Guy Says... Schools today usually have books for every student, most schools also have televisions and computers. Schools today usually have books for every student, most schools also have televisions and computers. The first sentence is about books in schools. The second sentence is about televisions and computers in schools.

27. What is a misplaced modifier? One little word can make a big difference. Notice how the placement of the word only changes the meaning of the sentence. only only only On Saturdays, my brother and I watch movies on TV. ^ ^ ^ Do you watch movies, but nothing else? Do you watch on Saturdays, but not on any other day? Do you have one brother and no others? In each position, only modifies a different word.

28. What is a misplaced modifier? A word, phrase, or clause that seems to modify the wrong word or word group in a sentence is called a misplaced modifier. Misplaced modifiers are confusing. misplaced modifier Her dog sat as she waited for the bus patiently. Verb Verb Who is sitting? The dog? The girl? Who is waiting? The girl? The dog?

29. How to fix misplaced modifiers Place modifying words, phrases, and clauses as near as possible to the words they modify. Sandra saw a bird’s nest. with two eggs Where should these two phrases be placed in this sentence? looking up Looking up, Sandra saw a bird’s nest with two eggs. Who was looking up? Sandra was. What had two eggs? The nest did.

30. What is a dangling modifier? A dangling modifier is a modifier that doesn’t clearly and sensibly modify another word or word group. ? ? ? Frustrated, the chord was replayed by the guitarist. Beginning the song again, a string broke. To master the guitar, practice is needed. Is practice mastering the guitar? Was the chord frustrated? Did the string begin the song again?

31. What is a dangling modifier? Dangling modifiers often occur at the beginning of a sentence. When a sentence begins with a participial phrase or infinitive phrase, use these steps to spot dangling modifiers. Step 1: The subject of the phrase should come right after the comma. Look at the word or word group right after the comma. Participial phrase Moving carefully, the rope was held tightly. Moving carefully, the rope was held tightly.

32. What is a dangling modifier? Step 2: Ask yourself, “Does it make sense for the phrase to modify the word or word group after the comma?” ? Participial phrase Dangling modifier Moving carefully, the rope was held tightly. Was the rope moving carefully? No, it doesn’t make sense for moving carefully to modify rope. Rope is not the subject of the participial phrase. If the sentence doesn’t make sense, you probably have a dangling modifier.

33. How to fix dangling modifiers To fix a dangling modifier, you will need to make the meaning logical and clear. Strategy 1:Revise the word group that follows the dangling modifier. ? Dangling modifier Lost and thirsty, the trail was a welcome sight. Lost and thirsty,the hikers welcomed the sight of the trail. Was the trail “lost and thirsty”? No. A logical subject—such as hikers—needs to follow the comma. Now the modifier lost and thirsty logically and clearly modifies the subject hikers.

34. How to fix dangling modifiers Strategy 2:Change the dangling modifier into a clause. ? Dangling modifier To become a doctor, years of study are required. If you want to become a doctor,youmust study for years. Changing the modifier into an adverb clause and revising the word after the comma makes the meaning clear. Now the adverb clause explains why you must study.

35. Credits: • Holt, Rinehart and Winston for their online grammar downloads: colon and semicolon usage, correcting fragments and run-on sentences, and correcting dangling and misplaced modifiers • Glencoe, McGraw-Hill, Writer’s Choice Grammar Workbook10 for subject-verb and pronoun-antecedent agreement.