Domain 1 Flashcards (1 – 40)

1. Domain 1 Flashcards (1 – 40) Colonization through the Constitution

2. 1. Southern Colonies • Rich soil and long growing seasons led to economy based on agriculture (tobacco, indigo, corn, rice) • Used indentured servants and slaves to work plantations. • Took American Indian land in order to grow cash crops.

3. 2. New England Colonies • Settled by Puritans wanting religious freedom from the Church of England. • Had very strict religious beliefs and were NOT tolerant of other religions. • Economy based on ship building, fishing, whaling, and commercial trade.

4. 3. Mid-Atlantic Colonies • Colonists were diverse, religiously tolerant, and had good relations with the Natives. • Produced agriculture (grains), lumber, livestock, and iron ore. • Good harbors and rivers were useful for trade.

5. 4. Relations with Natives • Peaceful at first, but eventually colonists and American Indians did not get along due to conflicts over land. • Virginia- Bacon’s Rebellion • New England – King Phillip’s War

6. 5. Mercantilism • Economic theory based on the belief that the earth has limited wealth (natural resources) and the more wealth a country has, the stronger it will be. • England used natural resources from the colonies as a way to increase its wealth.

7. 6. Trans-Atlantic Trade • A system of trade across the Atlantic Ocean involving the Americas, Africa, and Great Britain (Triangular Trade)

8. 7. Middle Passage and African American Culture • Middle Passage –horrible sea voyage that carried Africans to North America • Africans brought their culture with them to North America (music, crafts, beliefs, etc.)

9. 8. The Great Awakening • Religious movement in the colonies that stressed having an individual relationship with God • Caused people to question the King’s control over them • Led to an increase in education (colleges)

10. 9. Salutary Neglect • Begins in 1720s - British policy allowing colonies more freedom to trade and govern themselves. • Eventually this freedom would lead to conflict between England and the colonies.

11. 10. French and Indian War • French and Indians fought against Britain and the colonists over the Ohio River Valley. • The war left Britain in debt so colonists were taxed. This eventually led to Revolution.

12. 11. Treaty of Paris 1763 • Ended the French and Indian War. • Gave Britain control of all the land in North America east of the Mississippi River, except for New Orleans.

13. 12. Proclamation of 1763 • Colonists were forbidden to settle West of the Appalachian Mountains. • Angered colonists because they wanted to expand westward

14. 13. The Stamp Act • Required colonists to purchase special stamped paper for newspapers and legal documents. (Direct tax) • Colonists respond with boycotts and protests.

15. 14. Committees of Correspondence • Formed in response to the Stamp Act. • Communication network used to spread ideas about colonial protests.

16. 15. Sons of Liberty • Secret resistance group started by Samuel Adams in Massachusetts. • Led boycotts of British goods and destroyed British property.

17. 16. Daughters of Liberty • Joined the Sons of Liberty to protest British rule. • Wove homespun fabric and made other goods so colonists would not have to rely on British imports.

18. 17. The Intolerable Acts • Also known as the Coercive Acts • Passed as punishment for the Boston Tea Party • Consisted of three parts: • Closed Boston Harbor • Placed Boston under martial law • Required colonists to house British troops (Quartering Act)

19. 18. Common Sense • Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1776 • Short but persuasive • Encouraged colonists to fight for independence from Britain

20. 19. Committee of Five • Five delegates chosen by the Continental Congress to write the Declaration of Independence. • Thomas Jefferson (primary author) • Benjamin Franklin • John Adams • Robert Livingston • Roger Sherman

21. 20. Declaration of Independence • Language- simple, direct, and persuasive • Organization- • Reasons for independence • List of grievances against the British King • Explanation of how declaring independence from Britain is the only way to restore our rights • Intellectual sources – English philosophers John Locke and Thomas Hobbes. Colonial thinkers Thomas Jefferson, Ben Franklin, John Adams.

22. 21. George Washington • Commander of the Continental Army. • Trained and organized troops into a professional military. • Excellent leadership skills and loved by his men.

23. 22. Battle of Trenton, NJ • Christmas 1776 – Washington leads Continental Army across Delaware River for a surprise attack at Trenton, NJ. • Successful battle and proved that Washington’s army was just as good as any European army.

24. 23. Baron von Steuben • Prussian military officer who trained Washington’s men in combat techniques . • Developed uniform military drills to train the Continental army.

25. 24. Marquis de LaFayette • French aristocrat who helped secure French assistance for the American military • Helped train and command Continental troops.

26. 25. Battle of Saratoga, NY • American forces took the high ground and surrounded the British at Saratoga, New York. • Considered a turning point battle in the war. • France openly supported the American cause for independence after the battle of Saratoga.

27. 26. Benjamin Franklin • Part of the Committee of Five • American diplomat in Paris who helped negotiate economic and military assistance from France during the Revolutionary War.

28. 27. John Adams • Part of the Committee of Five • Worked as an American ambassador in Europe to get financial and military support for the war from British enemies like France, Spain, and the Netherlands.

29. 28. Valley Forge, PA • Location of Continental army’s winter camp and lowest point of the war. • Troops endured harsh winter with little food and supplies, disease, and sickness. • Washington put troops through intense training with the help of Baron von Steuben and Marquis de Lafayette.

30. 29. French Alliance during the Revolution • Ben Franklin and John Adams convinced France to help. • France attacked Britain in Europe to pull them away from the colonies. • Marquis de Lafayette helped train and command Continental troops. • The French helped surround the British at the final battle (Yorktown).

31. 30. Battle of Yorktown, Virginia • British general Charles Cornwallis was surrounded on land by American and French armies and on sea by the French fleet. • Cornwallis surrendered. • Final battle of the war.

32. 31. Roles of Minorities in Revolutionary War • Women, American Indians, enslaved and free blacks all contributed to the Patriot cause by volunteering to fight or by supporting the military. • No new rights or freedoms were won by these groups at the end of the war.

33. 32. Treaty of Paris 1783 • Ended the American Revolution • Made America free from Britain. • American boundaries now extended north to Canada, west to the Mississippi River, and south to Florida.

34. 33. Land Ordinance of 1785 • Laid the foundation for surveying, organizing, and selling new land in the US. • Required land be set aside for schools. • Used for 72 years and over ¾ of the US was surveyed under this law.

35. Law passed to encourage westward expansion and establish the orderly process for statehood. • Banned slavery in the Northwest Territory (Ohio River was boundary). 34. Northwest Ordinance of 1787

36. 35. Articles of Confederation • First form of US government. • Proved to be too weak. Examples: • No executive branch or judicial branch • No power to tax • No power to raise an army • No Power to regulate trade/currency

37. 36. Daniel Shays’ Rebellion • (Massachusetts) - Shays led a rebellion of farmers who were in debt and angry over high state taxes. • Shows weakness of the Articles of Confederation and need for stronger federal government. Leaders call for a Constitutional convention.

38. 37. Key Features of Constitution • Representation • Great Compromise (Senate and House) • Slavery • 3/5 Compromise • Limited government • Separation of Powers • Legislative, Executive, Judicial • Checks and Balances • Federalism • Two levels of government (federal and state)

39. 38. Federalists v. Anti-Federalists Federalists • Led by Madison & Hamilton • Supported the Constitution and strong central govt. Anti-Federalists • Led by S. Adams & Jefferson • Opposed strong central government • Argued that the Constitution did not provide states rights or individual liberties

40. 39. FederalistPapers • 85 essays written by James Madison & Alexander Hamilton to explain the Constitution and persuade others to support and ratify it.

41. 40. Bill of Rights • First 10 amendments • Protects individual (1-9) and states rights (10) • Written by James Madison and added to the Constitution so anti-federalists would ratify it.