A few slides on

1. A few slides on governanceof protected areas (with a eye to biodiversity and natural resourcesin the landscape/seascape) Dr. Grazia Borrini-Feyerabend gbf@iccaconsortium.org

2. management and governance is the distinction clear ? management>what do we do? governance->who decides what to do? how?

3. management • traditional & «scientific» understanding of relevant phenomena • specific aims to reach • actions to carry out • available means (human, financial…) • achieving or not the desired results •  management effectiveness governance • power, authority and responsibility • relationships amongactors • formal & informal, open & hidden conflicts • «how to go about» all this… : citizenparticipation, vision, transparency, accountability, equity… •  «good governance»

4. Since Durban 2003 we have been attempting to approach the subject by “unpacking” governance through analyses of : • actors • instruments and powers • levels of decisions … the interactions among structures, processes and traditions that determine how power and responsibilities are exercised, how decisions are taken and how citizens or other stakeholders have their say for the given protected area (Institute of Governance, 2002) … a processof developing and exercising authority and responsibility over time...

5. However, at a first approximation and cutting through a variety of complexities we also attempted to make governance “practical”, easier to comprehend, assess and evaluate, by defining and examining two other properties : • quality • type

6. Quality: principles of “good governance” related to the work of UN agencies and highlighted at the Vth World Parks Congress and beyond Legitimacy and Voice(& subsidiarity, consensus orientation) Direction(“vision”) Performance Accountability (& transparency) Fairness (equity, “do no harm”, respect for human rights)

7. Type … …who holds de facto management authority and responsibilityfor protected areas and conserved biodiversity and natural resources in the broader landscape/seascape? • A. the government(and its agencies at various levels) • B.various parties(together) • C. the ownersof the concerned land and natural resources (individuals, corporate actors…) • D. the concerned indigenous peoplesandlocal communities 4 main “governance types”distinguished on the basis of the answer… keeping in mind de jure but privileging de facto all types are legitimate and important for conservation!

8. IUCN Matrix of protected areas categoriesand governance types(IUCN Guidelines, 2008)

9. IUCN matrix of protected areas categoriesand governance types(new IUCN Guidelines)

10. IUCN matrix of protected areas categoriesand governance types(new IUCN Guidelines)

11. IUCN matrix of protected areas categoriesand governance types(new IUCN Guidelines)

12. IUCN matrix of protected areas categoriesand governance types(new IUCN Guidelines)

13. IUCN Guidelines for PA Legislation,(Lausche and Burhenne, 2011) "conservation of nature” is a positive phenomenon, embracing human-originated protection, maintenance, sustainable use, restoration, and enhancement of the natural environment (World Conservation Strategy, 1980)

14. Conservation in the landscape/ seascape …a variety of area-based phenomena contribute to coverage and connectivity— formal protected areas, but alsothe Aichi target 11 “other effective area-based conservation measures”(including voluntary conservation such as ICCAs and private conserved areas that may or may not wish to be included in protected area systems). Voluntary conservation is expanding and strengthening governance of biodiversity and natural resources. Appropriately recognised and supported, it can indeed render conservationa more powerful, more equitable and more resilient phenomenon.