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The Sun-Earth-Moon System

The Sun-Earth-Moon System. Before telescopes !!. After Telescopes. Hubble Visible Light Chandra IR. Telescopes. Refracting telescope convex objective lens and a concave eyepiece lens Hans Lippershey 1608 Galileo 1609

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The Sun-Earth-Moon System

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  1. The Sun-Earth-Moon System

  2. Before telescopes !!

  3. After Telescopes • Hubble Visible Light • Chandra IR

  4. Telescopes • Refracting telescope • convex objective lens and a concave eyepiece lens • Hans Lippershey 1608 Galileo 1609 • Reflecting telescope ( Reflector) • convex objective lens and a convex eyepiece lens • Johannes Kepler 1611 Isaac Newton 1668 "practical" Reflector

  5. Telescopes • Question: How long does it take sunlight to reach Earth? • Sunlight travels at the speed of light. Photons emitted from the surface of the Sun need to travel across the vacuum of space to reach our eyes. • The short answer is that it takes sunlight an average of 8 minutes and 20 seconds to travel from the Sun to the Earth.If the Sun suddenly disappeared from the Universe (not that this could actually happen, don’t panic), it would take a little more than 8 minutes before you realized it was time to put on a sweater. • Here’s the math. We orbit the Sun at a distance of about 150 million km. Light moves at 300,000 kilometers/second. Divide these and you get 500 seconds, or 8 minutes and 20 seconds. • Read more: http://www.universetoday.com/15021/how-long-does-it-take-sunlight-to-reach-the-earth/#ixzz2SM9zv5Uz

  6. The Electromagnetic Spectrum • Human detection of the EM spectrum ( energy waves) • Our eyes can only detect/see the Visible Light band. • Our ears can detect/hear the Radio band. • Telescopes can be designed to detect all of the EM spectrum. Visible Light

  7. Telescopes • 1. Detect all EM waves • 2. Collect large amount of EM waves • human eye 7 mm • telescope 12 mm • 3. Equipped to measure values • Ex. Intensity/frequency of EM wave • 4. Time exposure capacity • long period photography • Ex. Faint objects, • slow moving objects • path of planets • Telescopes Lab

  8. NASA’s Eye in the Sky • Hubble Telescope

  9. The Sun-Earth-Moon System • Geocentric Universe ~ Earth centered • Static Earth • Copernicus ~ Heliocentric universe • Galileo ~ study of motion and momentum • Horse rider study • Paris 1851 • Foucault Pendulum ~ proof of Earth’s rotation

  10. The Sun-Earth-Moon System • CCW Rotation W-E direction • Rotational period = 1 day ~ 24 hr • Rotational Velocity = 465.1 m/s = 1525 ft/s • CCW Revolution • Orbital period = 1 yr ~ 365 d • Orbital length = 940,416,480 km • Orbital Velocity = 29.8 Km/s

  11. The Sun-Earth-Moon System • Earth’s Elliptical Orbit around the Sun • Ave. distance = 150 M Km • Not the reason for seasons !! Ecliptic Plane Perihelion Aphelion 152 M Km 147 M Km July 4th January 3rd

  12. The Sun-Earth-Moon System • Global Temperatures • Seasonsinteractive site • Seasons Animation (angle of insolation) • Sun – Earth Relationship

  13. The Sun-Earth-Moon System Polaris Tilt of the axis 23.5 ° Vernal / Spring Equinox March 21-22 Winter Solstice Dec. 21-22 Summer Solstice June 21-22 Autumnal / Fall Equinox Sept.22-23

  14. Seasons & orbital distances

  15. The Sun-Earth-Moon System Vega Polaris 13000 y Precession 26000 years 0.5 °/100 years 13000 y Summer Winter Winter Summer Dec. 21-22 June 21-22

  16. The Sun-Earth-Moon System • Other reasons for seasons to vary: • Shape of the orbit • Change of axial tilt • Solar radiation intensity ˃ ˃

  17. Moon Formation • Five Serious Theories • Five serious theories have been proposed for the formation of the Moon (not counting the one involving green cheese): • The Fission Theory: The Moon was once part of the Earth and somehow separated from the Earth early in the history of the Solar System. The present Pacific Ocean basin is the most popular site for the part of the Earth from which the Moon came. • The Capture Theory: The Moon was formed somewhere else, and was later captured by the gravitational field of the Earth. • The Condensation Theory: The Moon and the Earth condensed together from the original nebula that formed the Solar System. • The Colliding Planetesimals Theory: The interaction of earth-orbiting and Sun-orbiting planetesimals (very large chunks of rocks like asteroids) early in the history of the Solar System led to their breakup. The Moon condensed from this debris. • The Ejected Ring Theory: A planetesimal the size of Mars struck the earth, ejecting large volumes of matter. A disk of orbiting material was formed, and this matter eventually condensed to form the Moon in orbit around the Earth.

  18. The Moon • 1) One of the largest moons in our Solar System • 2) Moving away from the Earth at a rate of 2 cm/y. • 3) Very thin/no Atmosphere • 4)Temp. range 127 °C day to −173 °C night • 5) Surface Features: Highly cratered, No erosion • Highlands ( mountains) • Maria ( lava-filled craters ) • Ejecta & Rays ( debris from impacts) • Rilles ( meandering valleys) • 6) Composition: Basaltic (Mafic) • 7) Albedo: Surface ability to reflect sun light • Moon = 7% Earth = 21% ( brighter ) 7% 100% sunlight

  19. Moon Formation Theories • 1) Capture Theory • Moon is captured as it passes by Earth. • Moon is too large to be captured by earth’s gravity. It is moving away instead of coming closer. Have similar composition ~ formed in same area

  20. Moon Formation Theories • 2) Simultaneous Formation Theory • Nebular or Sister Theory • Both formed same time and place • Should have combined and form one object • Similar but not the same composition

  21. Moon Formation • 3) Impact Theory • Collision of a Mars-sized object • Combination of Earth and object’s material • Moon is moving away. Earth’s other moons! 4.5 B.Y.A

  22. The Moon • Have you ever seen the other side of the moon? • Equal Lunar Rotation and Revolution Periods ~ 28 days • Same side of the moon faces the Earth. • ~ 2/3 of lunar surface • Synchronous rotation ˃

  23. Phases of the Moon Increasing illumination on the Right side Waxing Waxing • Phases of the Moon Review video1Lunar Phases Gibbous Ist Quarter Crescent 7 days 7 days Full Moon New Moon 7 days 7 days Gibbous Crescent Decreasing illumination on the Right side Waning Waning 3rd Quarter

  24. Eclipses • Blocking of light as seen from the Earth • Due to revolution of Moon around Earth • solar lunar

  25. Eclipses FULL MOON NEW MOON Lunar Eclipse Solar Eclipse

  26. lunar inclination • Lunar Inclination ~ 5° 5° Ecliptic Plane

  27. Eclipse Schedules • Lunar and Solar schedules

  28. The Sun-Earth-Moon System Aphelion Perihelion Perigee Apogee

  29. Types of Solar Eclipse • Total Eclipse • Moon at Perigee • Earth at Aphelion • Annular Eclipse • Moon at Apogee • Earth at Perihelion • Partial Eclipse • No complete overlap

  30. Types of Lunar Eclipse • Total Eclipse ~ Umbra & Penumbra • Partial Eclipse ~

  31. Tides • Tides Regular rise and fall of sea levels • 2 High tides and 2 Low tides • Moon’s gravity & Earth’s rotation A LOW TIDE A A Lunar gravity HIGH TIDE HIGH TIDE LOW TIDE A

  32. Tides 1st Quarter Moon • Types of Tides ~ Gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun • NASA | Tidal Forces on Earth • Bay of Fundy Tide, Time-lapseBay of Fundy "TIDE" NEAP TIDE SPRING TIDE SPRING TIDE Full Moon New Moon NEAP TIDE 3nd Quarter Moon

  33. Tides Activity assignment

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