The Civil War 1861-1865

1. The Civil War1861-1865

2. Answer North or South Confederacy Union Blue Grey Yankees Rebels Abraham Lincoln Jefferson Davis Robert E. Lee U.S. Grant

3. The Civil War North South Union Confederacy Yankees Rebels Blue Gray Abe LincolnJefferson Davis McClelland Robert E. Lee US Grant Stonewall Jackson

6. The Anaconda Plan

7. Based on the previous map, where would you expect most battles to be fought?

9. Battles Areas we will focus on: Richmond / DC Ohio / Cumberland /Tennessee Rivers Mississippi Valley Georgia

10. The war began at Fort Sumter

11. First Manassas (Bull Run)

12. First Manassas (Bull Run)A good day for a picnic. • Union army from D.C. to Richmond • See-saw battle • Confederates arrive by train & win • (Rebel yell – Stonewall Jackson) • Yankees run – Rebels do not chase

13. Results of Manassas: • South: thinks victory will be easy – gets overconfident • North – Prepares for a long war: • 75,000 men now 500,000 • 3 months, now 3 years

14. General George McClellan - Union • Trained the Army of the Potomac to fight the war in the East. • Had what Lincoln called “The Slows.” He rarely attacked, and never quite finished a battle once the enemy was running. • Will be hired and fired more than once before eventually being replaced by US Grant.

15. Shiloh Ulysses S. Grant had easy victories at Forts Henry and Donelson, but then: Shiloh = Confederate surprise attack. Union won, but with great difficulty

16. Results of Shiloh: • Grant realizes this will have to be a “war of exhaustion.” • Total War Survivors of the Battle of Shiloh (Photo taken c.1908-1912)

17. The Politics of War • The Trent Incident: • Union arrests men from a British ship. Nearly causing a war with Great Britain. Lincoln: “Gentlemen, one war at a time, please.” The Confederates were released.

18. The Alabama Claims: A ship sold to the South by Gr. Br. = 64 Union ships destroyed. US, after war, sends Gr Br a bill for $19 million. Eventually settled for $15.5 million.

19. Know these terms: Copperheads Conscription Writ of Habeas corpus Draft Riots

20. Life During Wartime African Americans Fight for Freedom: • 1% of the population, but made up 10% of the Union Army • Mostly freed slaves • Lower pay – no respect • If captured, the Confederates would execute (Massacre at Fort Pillow)

21. Slave resistance in the Confederacy included: • Doing poor work • Breaking plows or other equipment • Refusing to leave w/ owners as Union soldiers advanced • By 1864, even many Confederates realized slavery was doomed.

22. The Southern Economy Collapsed : • Food shortages • Riots • Destruction

23. Soldiers Suffer • Unsanitary camps = diseases • Low food rations • Low pay, boredom between battles • Prisons: • POWs crammed into small areas w/o sanitation, shelter, or food

24. Dorthea Dix – First Superintendent of Nurses Clara Barton – her care for wounded saved thousands of lives – she will eventually begin the Red Cross in the US

25. Civil War Field Hospital

26. Second Manassas (Bull Run) • McClellan has been replaced by Pope • Confederacy wins • Union demoralized • Lincoln reinstates McClellan

27. Antietam • After Bull Run, Lee advanced into Maryland • Battle plans discovered and given to McClellan • McClellan actually attacked! • However, McClellan did not pursue the Rebel army, thus losing a chance to end the war - again

28. Results of Antietam: • Lincoln fires McClellan • Lincoln looks like he cannot run an army or a war • England considers recognizing the Confederate States of America • Lincoln must change the focus of the war to keep the North motivated to fight

29. The Emancipation Proclamation • Lincoln’s Commander-in-Chief power allows him to seize enemy resources. • Slaves helped the Southern effort • Lincoln’s Cabinet advised him NOT to free those slaves as it would cause the South to fight to the death rather than talk peace.

30. Results of the Emancipation Proclamation • Discouraged Britain from supporting the South • Gave the war a high moral purpose • Allowed free blacks to join the army

31. No Emancipation???? • What are some possible scenarios that could have ensued if Lincoln had not issued the Emancipation Proclamation? • The Proclamation only applies to slaves behind the Confederate lines. It does not free slaves everywhere in the U.S. such as in slave states like Missouri that stayed loyal to the Union.

32. Prelude to Gettysburg • 1863 • Battle of Chancellorville = Union retreat to the North • Stonewall Jackson dies • Robert E. Lee invades the North into Pennsylvania • A win by Lee in the North might cause the North to lose faith and sign a peace • An accidental meeting of both armies near Gettysburg, PA will be the turning point in the Civil War

33. Gettysburg – Day 1 • July 1, 1863 • Confederate soldiers (looking for shoes) met Union brigades near Gettysburg • Shooting attracts soldiers from each army • 75,000 Confederates vs. 90,000 Union soldiers • Lee takes the town – Union sets up defensive positions on hills outside of town

34. Gettysburg – Day 2 • July 2, 1863 • Lee attacks Cemetery Ridge • Little Round Top left open – would have force a Union retreat and loss • Col. Chamberlain’s men stopped the advance • Ran out of ammunition • Attacked with bayonets and saved the Union army

35. Gettysburg Day 3 • July 3, 1863 • Lee orders a non-stop barrage of cannon fire • North answers • North goes silent • Lee orders a direct assault on the center (Pickett’s Charge) • It was a trap – firing at close range, the North crippled the attackers

36. Gettysburg – Day 4 • July 4, 1863 • Lee’s army limps back to Virginia • Union wins • Two more years of war left, but Gettysburg was the turning point , • as the North begins to win • The South never completely recovers • Losses: North = 23,000 • South = 28,000

37. The Gettysburg Address • A “New Birth of Freedom,” reminding people why our nation was founded, and why it should survive. • [Read] • Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. The only known photograph of Lincoln at the Gettysburg Address.

38. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

39. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us –

40. that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain – that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

41. The North Takes Charge • After Gettysburg, Lincoln appoints US Grant, who chases Robert E. Lee’s army around Virginia

42. ELECTION OF 1864 • Lincoln is up for re-election. This is the first and only presidential election the south will not participate in. • Because the war is still ongoing Lincoln thinks “he will be beaten and beaten badly”. • Good news rolls in only a few months before the election. • Atlanta is taken by Sherman • The port of Mobile, Al is seized. • Savannah Georgia is taken

43. Grant appoints William Tecumseh Sherman, who destroys Georgia.

44. 1864 • Lincoln re-elected • Lee surrenders to Grant • Appomattox Court House • Lee’s army = keep guns, horse, & 3-days food

45. PREDICT: Before and After the War • SLAVERY—What will the outcome of slavery be? Why?? • ECONOMY--Which part of the country will have a powerful economy….less powerful? Why?? • POLITICS—Who has the political power in the NEW America? Are the states or the federal government more powerful? • WHY???

46. Legacy of the War Political Changes • States rights weakened Economic Changes • N = huge economic growth • S = Economic collapse Costs of War • N=360,000 dead • S=260,000 dead Revolution in Warfare • Better weapons • new tactics • Total War New Birth of Freedom • Emancipation Proclamation • 13th Amendment • Gettysburg Address

47. 13th Amendment • SECTION 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. • SECTION 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

48. Last Casualty of the Civil War Killed by John Wilkes Booth