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The Enlightenment and the American Revolution Chapter 17. 17-1 Philosophy in the Age of Reason. “Go, wondrous creature! Mount where Science guides; Go, measure earth, weigh air, and state the tides; Instruct the planets in what orbs to run, Correct old Time, and regulate the sun.”
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17-1 Philosophy in the Age of Reason “Go, wondrous creature! Mount where Science guides; Go, measure earth, weigh air, and state the tides; Instruct the planets in what orbs to run, Correct old Time, and regulate the sun.” -Alexander Pope, Essay on Man
Progress and Reason • Scientific successes led to study of ______. • The Enlightenment • Social • Political • Economic
Two Views of the Social Contract • Thomas Hobbes • Leviathan • Social contract • John Locke • Reasonable people • Natural rights • Limited government • If government fails then…….
Separation of Powers • 1700s France saw a flowering of Enlightenment thought • Baron de Montesquieu • limited monarchy • Three separate branches: • Checks and balances
The Philosophes and Society • Philosophes • Voltaire Defends Freedom of Thought • Aristocrats • Battled against: • Offended the French government and the Catholic Church
The Encyclopedia • Denis Diderot • “to change the general way of thinking” • Topics of articles: • Banned from Catholics • Helped spread Enlightenment
Jean-Jacques Rousseau • Natural innocence • Minimum control • Subordinate to community • Hatred for all forms of political and economic oppression
Women and the Enlightenment • “free and equal”? • Mary Wollenstonecraft • Good mother first • Decide her own interests • A Vindication of the Rights of Woman 1792
New Economic Thinking • Physiocrats- • Laissez Faire • Land v. Trade • Free trade • Opposed taxes on trade • Adam Smith • Wealth of Nations • No government regulation
The Challenge of New Ideas • Censorship • Books banned and burned • Writers disguised their ideas in _____. • Exposed corruption and hypocrisy on European society. • Salons
Enlightened Depots • Enlightened depots- • Frederick the Great • King of Prussia 1740-86 • Admired Voltaire • Peasants- • “everyone can go to heaven in his own fashion” • Strong civil service • Simplified laws
Catherine the Great (Russia) • Exchanged letters with Voltaire and Diderot • Serfdom • But… • Joseph II (Hapsburg) • “peasant emperor” • Religious tolerance to: • Ended censorship • Abolished ______ • Sold property of monasteries to build ______
Lives of the Majority • E. Europe v. W. Europe • How were peasants taken advantage of in Western Europe?
The 13 English Colonies • Navigation Acts- • Not enforced. Why? • Colonists seek autonomy
Growing Discontent • Parliament passed laws to increase taxes on colonies. Why? • “no taxation without representation” • Early Clashes • Boston Massacre • Boycott • Stamp and Townshend Act • Boston Tea Party • First Continental Congress
Declaring Independence • 1776 Second Continental Congress • Declaration of Independence • July 4th, 1776 • Written by Thomas Jefferson, inspired by _____. • Popular sovereignty
The American Revolution • British advantages: • Loyalist, slaves, Native Americans • Colony advantages: • The French Alliance • Supplies, soldiers, and ____ • Also support from: • Treaty of Paris 1781
A New Constitution • Articles of Confederation • The Constitution • The Impact of Enlightenment Ideas • Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau • Federal republic- • Bill of Rights • Limited Freedom • Exclusions: