Advancing Remote Sensing Technology for GHG Monitoring

1. Figure C-1: Remote Sensing Technology for Distributed Sources of GHGs Short Description: Need to improve and evaluate ground-based, airborne, and space-based remote sensing to meet the information needs for MRVs. • Performance Targets/Goals: • Spatial – 1 hectare; biomass - ± 20% or better. • Compact scanning lidar with 1 hm max. range • Less than 1 K brightness temperature error.

2. Figure C-2: In-situ instrumentation Short Description: Instrumentation that meets our data quality requirements must be available at a cost (of instrumentation, operation, maintenance) that the can be widely distributed. • Performance Targets/Goals: • Create in situ measurement networks that can monitor and verify distributed sources at a cost that can be supported by GHG trading markets.

3. Figure C-3: Sustainable Business and Economic Model to Support Observational Networks • Short Description: • Lowering cost per unit of each “node” in a dense network • Sustained funding for long-term measurements • Verification that individual offsets are working (e.g., city/county, urban domes/airsheds, CH4 from landfill, soil carbon increases, afforestation, gas well, coal mine, and pipeline leak reduction) • Performance Targets/Goals: • Federal /State Government – regulatory framework • Stock (carbon) exchanges – market • Insurance companies – capital • Insurance derivatives market • Verifiers/Auditors – transparency of market • Venture Capital – capital

4. Figure C-4: Data Assimilation for Distributed Emissions at Local to Regional Scales Short Description: Identification of strategies for assimilation of measurements and models to support regional assessment and validation of GHG emission inventories and reporting. • Performance Targets/Goals: • Framework for integrating facility/field measurements (e.g., eddy flux) with process models • Reducing uncertainty to level that supports policy objectives • Separate emissions for sector-specific attribution and offset validation