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NS1300 – Emergence of Modern Science

NS1300 – Emergence of Modern Science. Evolution. Why is there so much controversy about evolution?. What did Theodore Dobzhansky mean when he said, “Nothing in biology makes sense without evolution”? What are the facts? Where is the evidence? Okay, so what’s the big deal?.

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NS1300 – Emergence of Modern Science

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  1. NS1300 – Emergence of Modern Science Evolution

  2. Why is there so much controversy about evolution? • What did Theodore Dobzhansky mean when he said, “Nothing in biology makes sense without evolution”? • What are the facts? • Where is the evidence? • Okay, so what’s the big deal?

  3. Historical Perspective • Plato • Plato’s Ideal • Aristotle • Scalanaturae • Future Causes • The Chain of Being

  4. The Long Road to Recovery • Linnaeus • taxonomy • Hutton • gradualism • Lamarck • evolution • Malthus • populations • Cuvier • extinction • Lyell • uniformitarianism • Adam Smith • Invisible hand

  5. Darwin • Voyage of the Beagle • Origin of Species • Wallace • Natural Selection • Mendel

  6. Natural Selection and Adaptation • Species Fecundity • Stable Populations • Environmental Resources are Limited • Struggle for Survival • Variation within Populations • Differential Survivability • Successful Traits Accumulate

  7. Patterns of Evolution • Homology • Vestigial Traits • Biogeography • The Fossil Record

  8. Modern Synthesis • Theodosius Dobzhansky • Sewell Wright • Watson and Crick • Ernst Mayr

  9. Patterns in evolution • Natural Selection • Genetic Drift • Bottleneck Effect • Founder Effect • Mutation

  10. Variation • Variation Within Populations • Polymorphism • Gene diversity • Nucleotide diversity • Variation Between Populations • Geographic variation • Sexual recombination

  11. Fitness • Optima • Relative Fitness • Selection • Directional selection • Diversifying selection • Stabilizing selection

  12. Level of Selection • Gene selection • Species selection • Population selection

  13. Sexual Selection • Sexual dimorphism • Mate Choice • Competition • The Ant and the Peacock

  14. Perfection • Evolution is limited by history • Adaptations is limited by survivability • There are no future causes • Chance happens • Not all change is good

  15. Macroevolution • Biological Species Concept • Ecological Species Concept • Pluralistic Species Concept • Morphological Species Concept • Genealogical Species Concept

  16. Genetic Isolation • Anagenesis • Cladogenesis

  17. Prezygotic Isolation • Habitat isolation • Behavioral isolation • Temporal isolation • Mechanical isolation • Gametic isolation

  18. Speciation • Allopatric Speciation • Sympatic Speciation

  19. Examples of Speciation • Ring Species • Adaptive Radiation on Island Chains

  20. Rates of Speciation • Gradualism • Catastrophism • Punctuated Equilibrium

  21. The Role of Development • Allometric Growth • Heterochrony • Paedomorphosis • Homeotic Genes

  22. Rates of Mutation • Genetic Clocks • Mitochondrial DNA

  23. Cladistics • Tree • Clade • Monophyletic Groups • Shared primitive characteristics • Shared derived characteristics • Outgroups • Parsimony

  24. Humans

  25. To Be Human • Brain Size • Jaw Shape • Bipedal Posture • Reduced Dimorphism • Social Structure

  26. Quiz • 1. T or F, acquired characteristics can be passed on to offspring. • 2. T or F, natural selection is one mechanism for evolution. • 3. T or F, evolution is random. • 4. T or F., the discovery of DNA structure helped bring about a “modern synthesis” in evolution theory. • 5. T or F, humans and apes share a common ancestor.

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