GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

1. GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES Abdullah Al Saud Santiago Machado Santos Spring 2013

2. GERUNDS

3. GERUND Definition a verb that acts like a noun in a sentence Forming a Gerund add “ing” to the verb

4. EXAMPLES Dance Dancing Run Running Swim Swimming

5. EXAMPLES Dance Dancing Run Running Swim Swimming Study Studying Eat Eating Dream Dreaming Kill Killing

6. USING GERUNDSas the subject of a sentence • Running will help you burn more calories. • Eating too much pizza makes you fat. • Exercising makes you healthy.

7. USING GERUNDSas a complement to the verb “to be” To be: I am, you are, he/she/it is, we are, they are… • I amthinking about guacamole. • You areeating too many French fries. • She isstudying for her exam.

8. USING GERUNDSafter a preposition Prepositions: above, under, to, on, in , by, after, next to… • He is good atplaying basketball. • Afterwinning the game, Lebron James was happy. • During the blizzard, Lorena got tired byshoveling.

9. USING GERUNDSin compound nouns Compound Nouns: a driving lesson, a swimming pool, deer hunting • His driving lesson was difficult because he was nervous. • You have to wear a bathing suit in the swimming pool. • Once, I went deer huntingwith my father.

10. USING GERUNDSafter certain expressions Expressions requiring a gerund: can’t help, can’t stand, it’s no use… • She is so hungry that she can’t helpeating all of the burger. • I can’t stand arguing with someone who thinks he knows everything. • It’s no usetrying to escape the cold in Boston.

11. INFINITIVES

12. INFINITIVES • Infinitives talk about specific actions, or the purpose of an action. An infinitive is “to” plus the base form of the verb. • When a verb is intransitive, it is not followed by an object. Therefore, use an infinitive.

13. INFINITIVES • Simple: basic formation of the passive. Ex: The students want to complete the assignment quickly. Ex: Lorena loves to study even if she is tired.

14. INFINITIVES • to runa mile • to startover • to dohomework all night • to winthe contest • to wakeup early

15. INFINITIVES 2. Perfect: emphasizes that the action happened in the past. Ex: The students want to have completed the assignment when the professor starts. Ex: The students are so happy to have written the first Journal last week.

16. INFINITIVES 3. Progressive: indicates an action in progress. Ex: We want to be completing the assignment when the professor starts. Ex: They seem to be driving since yesterday; they look very tired.

17. INFINITIVES 4. Passive: the action is being done to someone or by someone else. Ex. The teacher wants the assignment to be completed quickly.

18. INFINITIVES INFINITIVES CAN BE USED AS SUBJECTS, OBJECTS OR COMPLEMENTS.

19. INFINITIVES • Subject: focusing on a specific action. Ex: To sleep is the only thing Eli wants after his soccer game. Ex: To run fast is what Melissa wants before the lion eat her.

20. INFINITIVES 2. Direct object of a verb: verb followed by an infinitive. Ex: No matter how fascinating the biology dissection is, Emanuel turns his head and refuses to look.

21. INFINITIVES 3. Indirectobject of a verb: verb followed by an indirect object and an infinitive. Ex: The teacher always challenges us to do our best.

22. INFINITIVES 4. Adjective complement: after an adjective of emotion use an infinitive, often used with TOO or ENOUGH Ex: I am so happy to see you. Ex: I am too tired to go out tonight. Ex: The problem is not big enough to worry about it.

23. INFINITIVES 5. Object complement: describing the noun in front of it. Ex: Wherever Melissa goes, she always brings a book to read in case that she has a long wait.