world bank

1. assisting policy change the role of technical advisers in formulating a metropolitan planning process in nairobi e l l i o t t s c l a r j u l i e t o u b e r February 6, 2007 washington DC world bank center for sustainable urban development at the Earth Institute at Columbia University

2. 1 theory institutions matter Institutional context is both a “given” in terms of constraints and a “variable” whose evolution must be considered as part of the planning process local is increasingly global history matters & path analysis is critical institutions are more powerful than markets Workable governance includes both market and non-market approaches to solve problems of economic efficiency social equity & backgroundcontext evaluating institutions csud methodology

3. 1 the case of transport in nairobi local is increasingly global history matters & path analysis is critical institutions are more powerful than markets economic efficiency social equity air pollution 550% over the US 24hours standard for PM2.5 background context evaluating institutions csud methodology

4. 1 the case of transport in nairobi local is increasingly global history matters & path analysis is critical institutions are more powerful than markets economic efficiency social equity 57minutes is the travel time per work trip (Institute for Transportation Development Policy, 2001) background context evaluating institutions csud methodology

5. 1 the case of transport in nairobi local is increasingly global history matters & path analysis is critical institutions are more powerful than markets economic efficiency social equity 46% of the road users involved in fatal crashes are pedestrians (Global Road Safety Partnership, 2004) background context evaluating institutions csud methodology

6. 1 the case of transport in nairobi local is increasingly global history matters & path analysis is critical institutions are more powerful than markets economic efficiency social equity background context evaluating institutions csud methodology

7. 2 context institutions and political economy Williamson (2005): creation of “workable arrangements” or arrangements that connect social and private ends with alternative means Key test: finding arrangements that effectively connect desired ends to means at the lowest possible transactions costs When it comes to goods that have important benefits as well as costs, markets exchanges are not always the most effective structures of economic governance background context evaluating institutions csud methodology

8. 2 context transportation: a quasi public good Because of the importance of urban transport to impact land use patterns and environmental quality, the external impacts of the collective market-based decisions of traveler are far greater than the impacts on the individual traveler background context evaluating institutions csud methodology

9. 2 context: metropolitan planning in nairobi metropolitan planning - transport - park & ride - matatus terminal Nairobi CBD public transit system background context evaluating institutions csud methodology keep private larger buses better safety time gained keep flexibility market place service focus point health monitoring point BRT option image change socially and environmentally sustainable

10. 3 ? ? ? ? ? ? An institutional challenge identifying all the actors and their agenda(s) Ministry of Local Government Ministry of Lands Nairobi City Council Satellite cities Ministry of Housing NGOs Population Users Nairobi Central Business Association Ministry of Transport Matatu Owners Association Matatu Welfare Association background context evaluating institutions csud methodology

11. 3 evaluating institutions “institutional functioning” To analyze the workable arrangements necessary to the supply of transport it is first necessary to disentangle the various elements of “physical technologies and social technologies” (Nelson, 2005) private operator public infrastructure background context evaluating institutions csud methodology

12. 3 evaluating institutions A window of opportunity The 1973 Nairobi Metropolitan Growth Strategy legally expired, there is a process underway to create a Metropolitan Plan background context evaluating institutions csud methodology

13. 4 csud approach ContextAfrica is urbanizing at a faster rate than the rest of the world about half the world’s population is classified as urban by 2020 the urban population will be the majority background context evaluating institutions csud methodology

14. 4 csud approach Context ? How to support urban policy change at the levels of national governments, local authorities and international institutions political context local context Kenya Democracy Reformed Government Better economic context Hub for East Africa international context Millennium Development Goals Africa top of the int’l agenda for development Africa center of int’l donors community background context evaluating institutions csud methodology

15. 4 csud methodology Context ? How to support urban policy change at the levels of national governments, local authorities and international institutions geographic & social context redefining urban areas Defining the relation between urban and rural The challenge of the peri-urban areas Role of the cities in the society defining the African City Identity Redefining access Redefining mobility Redefining the public space training the new planners generation By using new technologies By sharing experience from the South By defining a new African city identity background context evaluating institutions csud methodology

16. 4 csud approach transitional zone between the rural and the urban environment defining Land use becomes key urban sprawl relies on a transportation system background context evaluating institutions csud methodology

17. 4 csud approach integrated model based on University resources and the neutral status of the academic world capacity building Train the new generation of planners Train technicians in public health Hold specific seminars on urban management Training on modeling software access to information and knowledge Open to resources available in the North Reinforce an African knowledge network Reinforce South-South linkages Open to Joint publications Definition of an African urban policy Define criteria for the African cities Reinforce the urban network in Africa Give access to this network to the int’l institutions Organize a South-South urban axis education research implementation background context evaluating institutions csud methodology

18. 4 csud methodology Phase 1 [2005-06] Phase 2 [2006-07-08] Phase 3 [2007-08-09] building network design joint studios Univ. of Nairobi – Urban and Regional Planning (DURP) CU – UP, SIPA, Public Health financing Ruiru iup Packaging and phasing an ipp Sale to international donors or other donors dvpment of integrated urban plan (iup) Ruiru Strategic Dvpment Plan Metropolitan Planning white papers Infrastructure Air quality transport Modeling Dvpment of model for Nairobi Metropolitan area Training seminars documenting the process policy recommendations for local and central gvts air quality monitoring Air Quality Modeling for Nairobi Metropolitan Area Training seminars INT’L CONFERENCE to be held in Nairobi New Frontiers of Planning Presentation nairobi project Application to Africa background context evaluating institutions csud methodology

19. 4 4 csud approach research capacity access data access data Berkeley - Volvo Center of Excellence contracted contracted CSUD/DURP letter of intent letter of intent KIPPRA and RCMRD transport modeling modeling Transport models for Nairobi Metropolitan Area Different scenarios Training seminars At KIPPRA At University of Nairobi Mailman School of Public Health Columbia University CSUD/DURP TBD (KIPPRA?) air quality Air Quality Monitoring system for Nairobi Metropolitan Area Applications for Africa Training seminars At TBD At University of Nairobi csud methodology background context evaluating institutions csud methodology