A Presentation On

1. hydro-electric power plant A Presentation On By :- Rakeshkumar Assistant professor Electrical Engineering Department. BABA HIRA SINGH BHATTAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY LEHRAGAGA-148031 DISTT.SANGRUR (Pb.)

2. HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PLANT

3. WHAT IS HYDRO POWER?The objective of a hydropower scheme is to convert the potential energy of water, flowing in a stream with acertain fall to the turbine (termed the "head"), into electric energy at the lower end of the scheme, where the powerhouse is located. The power output from the scheme is proportional to the flow and to the head.

4. HYDRO-POWER PLANT • It plays very important role in the development of country. • It provides power at cheapest rate. • About 20% of the total world power is generated using hydro power plants.

5. SOURCE OF ENERGY • Fuels. • Energy storage of water. • Nuclear energy. • Wind energy. • Tidal energy. • Solar energy. • Geothermal energy. • Thermo electric power

6. Power Generation system. • Thermal Power Generation system. • Hydro electric Power Generation system. • Nuclear Power Generation system. • Diesel Power Generation system. • Non conventional energy power Generation system.

7. Hydro electric power station.

8. Hydrologic Cycle http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_how.html

9. Hydrology • Meteorology • Study of the atmosphere including weather and climate. • Surface water hydrology • Flow and occurrence of water on the surface of the earth. • Hydrogeology • Flow and occurrence of ground water. Watersheds

10. Hydrology • Hydrology may be defined as the science which deals with the depletion and replenishment of water resources. It deals with surface water as well as ground water. It is also concerned with transportation of water from one place to another. • MASS CURVE • Mass curve is the graph of cumulative values of water quantity against time.

11. Hydrographs • There are many types of hydrographs. Hydrograph is defined as a graph showing discharge of flowing water with respect to time for a specified time.

12. HYDROGRAPHS SHOWS • Graph of stream flow vs. time • Obtained by means of a continuous recorder which indicates stage vs. time (stage hydrograph) • Transformed to a discharge hydrograph by application of a rating curve. • Typically are complex multiple peak curves Available on the web.

13. Hydrograph Nomenclature storm of Duration D Precipitation P tl tp peak flow Discharge baseflow Q new baseflow w/o rainfall Time

14. If we measure the rainfall and put it on a time graph and link that to the amount of water in the river, we have some really useful information! • This graph is hydrograph. It plots rainfall against discharge (that is the amount of water in the river as it passes a particular point measured in cubic metres per seconds or cumecs). • Changes measured over time is river regime - eg. in winter there is more rain, less evaporation, less vegetation to absorb it.

15. WE CAN READ THE FOLLOWING FROM THE HYDROGRAPH • Rate of flow at any instant during the duration period. • Total volume of flow upto that instant as the area under hydrograph denotes the volume of water in that duration. • The mean annual run-off. • The minimum and maximum run-off for the year.

16. Flow duration curve • Flow duration curve is a useful form to represent the run-off data for the given time. This curve is plotted between flow available during a period versus the fraction of time. • The flow duration curve is drawn with the help of hydrograph from the available run-off data and is necessary to find out the time duration for which flows available .

17. The Indian Scenario • The potential is about 84000 MW at 60% load factor spread across six major basins in the country. • Pumped storage sites have been found recently which leads to a further addition of a maximum of 94000 MW. • Annual yield is assessed to be about 420 billion units per year though with seasonal energy the value crosses600 billion mark. • The possible installed capacity is around 150000 MW (Based on the report submitted by CEA to the Ministry of Power)

18. Continued … • The proportion of hydro power increased from 35% from the first five year plan to 46% in the third five year plan but has since then decreased continuously to 25% in 2001. • The theoretical potential of small hydro power is 10071 MW. • Currently about 17% of the potential is being harnessed. • About 6.3% is still under construction.

19. Major Hydropower generating units

20. Major Hydropower Producers

21. Major Hydropower Producers • Canada, 341,312 GWh (66,954 MW installed) • USA, 319,484 GWh (79,511 MW installed) • Brazil, 285,603 GWh (57,517 MW installed) • China, 204,300 GWh (65,000 MW installed) • Russia, 173,500 GWh (44,700 MW installed) • Norway, 121,824 GWh (27,528 MW installed) • Japan, 84,500 GWh (27,229 MW installed) • India, 82,237 GWh (22,083 MW installed) • France, 77,500 GWh (25,335 MW installed) “Hydroelectricity,” Wikipedia.org

22. BLOCK DIAGRAM POWER HOUSE PENSTOCK DAM TURBINE GENERATOR RESEVOIR INTAKE POWER LINE TRANSFORMER

23. How Hydropower Works • Water from the reservoir flows due to gravity to drive the turbine. • Turbine is connected to a generator. • Power generated is transmitted over power lines.

24. How Hydropower Works • A water turbine that convert the energy of flowing or falling water into mechanical energy that drives a generator, which generates electrical power. This is a heart of hydropower power plant. • A control mechanism to provide stable electrical power. It is called governor. • Electrical transmission line to deliver the power to its destination.

25. Sizes of Hydropower Plants • Large plants : capacity >30 MW • Small Plants : capacity b/w 100 kW to 30 MW • Micro Plants : capacity up to 100 kW

26. Sizes of Hydropower Plants • Pico hydroelectric plant. • Up to 10kW, remote areas, away from the grid. • Micro hydroelectric plant • Capacity 10kW to 300kW, usually provided power for small community or rural industry in remote areas away from the grid. • Small hydroelectric plant. • Capacity 300kW to 1MW • Mini hydroelectric plant. • Capacity above 1MW • Medium hydroelectric plant. • 15 - 100 MW usually feeding a grid. • Large hydroelectric plant. • More than 100 MW feeding into a large electricity grid.

27. Classification of Hydro electric power station. • CLASSIFICATION BASED ON HEAD. • High head plant ( < 300 m.) • Medium head plant. (60m to 300 m.) • Low head plant. ( > 60m.) • CLASSIFICATION BASED ON WATER CONDITION. • Flow of water plant. • Storage of water plant. • Pump storage water plant.

28. Micro Hydropower Systems • Many creeks and rivers are permanent, they never dry up, and these are the most suitable for micro-hydro power production. • Micro hydro turbine could be a water-wheel turbine, Pelton wheel. (most common turbine). • Others : Turgo, Cross-flow and various axial flow turbines.

29. HYDRO POWER PLANT • Head • Water must fall from a higher elevation to a lower one to release its stored energy. • The difference between these elevations (the water levels in the forebay and the tailbay) is called head. • Dams: Are of three categories. • high-head (800 or more feet) • medium-head (100 to 800 feet) • low-head (less than 100 feet) • Power is proportional to the product of head x flow http://www.wapa.gov/crsp/info/harhydro.htm

30. Scale of Hydropower Projects • Large-hydro • More than 100 MW feeding into a large electricity grid. • Medium-hydro • 15 - 100 MW usually feeding a grid. • Small-hydro • 1 - 15 MW - usually feeding into a grid. • Mini-hydro • Above 100 kW, but below 1 MW. • Micro-hydro • From 5kW up to 100 kW • Usually provided power for a small community or rural industry in remote areas away from the grid. • Pico-hydro • From a few hundred watts up to 5kW. • Remote areas away from the grid.

31. Classification of Hydro electric power station. • Classification based on operation. • Manual plant. • Automatic plant. • Classification based on type of load. • Base load plant. • Peak load plant.

32. Element of Hydro power station, • Reservoir. • Catchments area. • Dam. • (a) Earthen dam. • (b) Masonry dam. • (c) Concrete dam. • 4. Spill ways. • 5. Screen. • 6. Fore bay or Intake.

33. Element of Hydro power station, • 7. Tunnel. • 8. Penstock or pipe line. • 9. Surge tank. • 10. Draft tube. • 11. Tail race. • 12. Fish passes. • 13. Turbine.

34. Different type of schemes of Hydro power plant. • 1.High head schemes. • 2.Medium head schemes. • 3.Low head schemes.

35. Different type of turbine use in hydro power station • 1.High head schemes. (Impulse turbine, pelton wheel) • 2.Medium head schemes. (reaction turbine ) • 3.Low head schemes. (propeller turbine )

36. Micro Hydro Example Used in remote locations in northern Canada

37. Pumped Storage Schematic

38. base load capacity Water flows downhill during day/peak periods Typical efficiency of 70 – 85%Completed 1967 Capacity – 324 MW Two 162 MW units. Purpose – energy storage Water pumped uphill at night Low usage – excess Cabin Creek Pumped Hydro

39. Advantages of Pumped Storage plant • There is substantial increase in peak load capacity of plant at comparatively low capital cost. • There is an improvement in the load factor of plant. • Load on hydro-electrical plant remains uniform.

40. World’s Largest Dams Ranked by maximum power. “Hydroelectricity,” Wikipedia.org

41. Dam Types • Arch • Gravity • Buttress • Embankment or Earth

42. FIRST ELEMENT :- DAMS

43. Arch Dams • Arch shape gives strength • Less material (cheaper) • Narrow sites • Need strong abutments

44. Concrete Gravity Dams • Weight holds dam in place. • Lots of concrete. (expensive)

45. Buttress Dams • Face is held up by a series of supports. • Flat or curved face.

46. Turbine Ranges of Application Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

47. Turbine Design Recommendations Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

48. Turbine Design Francis TurbineKaplan TurbinePelton TurbineTurgo TurbineNew Designs

49. List of Various factors which describe the selection of turbine • Specific speed; high specific speed is essential where head is low. • Rotational speed; • Efficiency; • Part of load operation; • Cavitations; • Disposition of turbine shaft; • Head;

50. Turbine Classified