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The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power

The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power. Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow ( retired ) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal, W2AGZ Technologies w2agz@pacbell.net www.w2agz.com 2004 SuperGrid 2 25 - 27 October 2004, Urbana, Il

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The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power

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  1. The SuperCable:Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal, W2AGZ Technologies w2agz@pacbell.net www.w2agz.com 2004 SuperGrid 2 25 - 27 October 2004, Urbana, Il Technical Plenary Session – Levis Faculty Center -- UIUC Monday, 25 October 2004, 9:30 AM

  2. Zürich, 1986 The Discoveries Leiden, 1914

  3. • • - e e e e • • + + + + e e - - + + + + Superconductivity 101

  4. GLAG

  5. -M Normal Magnetic Field 1/4p HC1 Meissner H HC1 TC Temperature  <  Type I The Flavors of Superconductivity

  6. H Abrikosov Vortex Lattice

  7.  >  Type II -M HC2 Normal Magnetic Field 1/4p Mixed HC1 Meissner H HC1 TC Temperature The Flavors of Superconductivity

  8. H J F F Abrikosov Vortex Lattice

  9.  >  Type II -M HC2 Normal Magnetic Field 1/4p Mixed HC1 Meissner H HC1 TC Temperature The Flavors of Superconductivity NOT PERFECT CONDUCTOR!

  10. H “Pinned” J F F Abrikosov Vortex Lattice

  11. Normal Magnetic Field HC1 Meissner TC Temperature The Flavors of Superconductivity HC2 HC2 Normal R  0 Magnetic Field R = 0 Mixed Mixed HC1 Meissner TC Temperature

  12. E = 1 V/cm No More Ohm’s Law E = aJn n = 15 T = 77 K HTS Gen 1

  13. -M 1/4p H HC1 ac Hysteresis HC2

  14. 164 K High-TC 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 TC vs Year: 1991 - 2001 200 150 Temperature, TC (K) 100 50 MgB2 Low-TC 0 Year

  15. Oxide Powder Mechanically Alloyed Precursor 1. Powder Preparation 2. Billet Packing & Sealing A. Extrusion 3. Deformation C. Rolling & Processing B. Wire Draw 4. Oxidation - Heat Treat HTSC Wire Can Be Made! But it’s 70% silver!

  16. Finished Cable

  17. Reading Assignment • Garwin and Matisoo, 1967 (100 GW on Nb3Sn) • Bartlit, Edeskuty and Hammel, 1972 (LH2, LNG and 1 GW on LTSC) • Haney and Hammond, 1977 (Slush LH2 and Nb3Ge) • Schoenung, Hassenzahl and Grant, 1997 (5 GW on HTSC, 1000 km) • Grant, 2002 (SuperCity, Nukes+LH2+HTSC) • Proceedings, SuperGrid Workshop, 2002 These articles, and much more, can be found at www.w2agz.com, sub-pages SuperGrid/Bibliography

  18. 1967: SC Cable Proposed! 100 GW dc, 1000 km !

  19. +v I I -v H2 H2 H2 H2 Circuit #1 “Hydricity” SuperCables +v I I -v Multiple circuits can be laid in single trench Circuit #2

  20. SuperCable

  21. Electricity PSC = 2|V|IASC, where PSC = Electric power flow V = Voltage to neutral (ground) I = Supercurrent ASC = Cross-sectional area of superconducting annulus Hydrogen PH2 = 2(QρvA)H2, where PH2 = Chemical power flow Q = Gibbs H2 oxidation energy (2.46 eV per mol H2) ρ = H2 Density v = H2 Flow Rate A = Cross-sectional area of H2 cryotube Power Flows

  22. Power Flows: 5 GWe/10 GWth

  23. Radiation Losses WR = 0.5εσ (T4amb – T4SC), where WR = Power radiated in as watts/unit area σ = 5.67×10-12 W/cm2K4 Tamb = 300 K TSC = 20 K ε = 0.05 per inner and outer tube surface DH = 45.3 cm WR = 16.3 W/m Superinsulation: WRf = WR/(n-1), where n = number of layers = 10 Net Heat In-Leak Due to Radiation = 1.8 W/m 

  24. Fluid Friction Losses Wloss = M Ploss /  , Where M = mass flow per unit length Ploss = pressure loss per unit length  = fluid density

  25. Heat Removal dT/dx = WT/(ρvCPA)H2, where dT/dx = Temp rise along cable, K/m WT = Thermal in-leak per unit Length ρ = H2 Density v = H2 Flow Rate CP = H2 Heat Capacity A = Cross-sectional area of H2 cryotube

  26. SuperCable H2 Storage One Raccoon Mountain = 13,800 cubic meters of LH2 LH2 in 45 cm diameter, 12 mile bipolar SuperCable = Raccoon Mountain

  27. H2 Gas at 77 K and 1850 psia has 50% of the energy content of liquid H2 and 100% at 6800 psia

  28. “Hybrid” SuperCable

  29. Electrical Issues • Voltage – current tradeoffs • “Cold” vs “Warm” Dielectric • AC interface (phases) • Generate dc? Multipole, low rpm units (aka hydro) • Ripple suppression • Filters • Cryogenics • Pulse Tubes • “Cryobreaks” • Mag Field Forces • Splices (R = 0?) • Charge/Discharge cycles (Faults!) • Power Electronics • GTOs vs IGBTs • 12” wafer platforms • Cryo-Bipolars

  30. Construction Issues • Pipe Lengths & Diameters (Transportation) • Coax vs RTD • Rigid vs Flexible? • On-Site Manufacturing • Conductor winding (3-4 pipe lengths) • Vacuum: permanently sealed or actively pumped? • Joints • Superconducting • Welds • Thermal Expansion (bellows)

  31. Jumpstarting the SuperGrid • Do it with SuperCables • Focus on the next two decades • Get started with superconducting dc cable interties & back-to-backs using existing ROWs • As “hydrogen economy” expands, parallel/replace existing gas transmission lines with SuperCables • Start digging

  32. Al-Can Gas Pipeline Proposals

  33. Mackenzie Valley Pipeline 1300 km 18 GW-thermal

  34. Electrical Insulation “Super-Insulation” Thermal Barrier to LNG Liquid Nitrogen @ 77 K Superconductor LNG @ 105 K 1 atm (14.7 psia) LNG SuperCable

  35. SuperCable Prototype Project H2 e– Cryo I/C Station H2 Storage SMES 500 m Prototype “Appropriate National Laboratory” 2005-09

  36. Regional System Interconnections

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