Optimizing Performance Characteristics of Insecticides for Apple IPM

1. Optimizing Performance Characteristics of Insecticides for Apple IPM John C. Wise, Ph.D. MSU Department of Entomology Trevor Nichols Research Center

2. 21st Century IPM 20th Century IPM Information Age Industrial Age Limited information Inexpensive, easy to use tools Homogeneous broad spectrum contact poisons Limited regulatory restrictions Multiple avenues for higher and lower quality products Robust information Expensive knowledge-based tools Selective and varied performance characteristics Greater regulatory restrictions Very high quality standards

3. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons (1) Organophosphates (6) Carbamates (2) Synthetic Pyrethroids (6) Insect Growth Regulators (1) Avermectins (1) Neonicotinoids (1) Insecticides Registered in Fruit Crops - 1996 Conventional Insecticides New Insecticides

4. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons (1) Organophosphates (2) Carbamates (2) Synthetic Pyrethroids (6) Insect Growth Regulators (5) Spinosyns (2) Avermectins (2) Neonicotinoids (5) Oxadiazines (1) Diamides (3) Microbials/Botanicals (6+) Particle Film (1) Pyrizoles (1) Pyridine Carboxamides (1) Pre-mixes (4) Insecticides Registered in Fruit Crops - 2014 20th Century Insecticides 21st Century Insecticides

5. Conventional Insecticide Classes OrganophosphatesSynthetic Pyrethroids Imidan Asana, Danitol Lorsban Warrior, Baythroid Mustang Max, Hero CarbamatesChlorinated Hydrocarbons Lannate Thiodan/Endosulfan Sevin

6. New Insecticides for Apple Pests SpinosynsNeonicotinoids Delegate Calypso, Actara Entrust*, GF120* Assail, Admire Insect Growth Regulators Belay Rimon, Esteem, Centaur Microbials Diamidesgranulosis virus* Altacor Avermectins Belt Proclaim Pyridine Carboxamides Beleaf * OMRI approved

7. Modes of Action of Major Synthetic Commercial Insecticides Ecdysone agonists Glutamate Receptor Antagonists Uncouplers of Mitochondrial Respiration Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors Acetylcholine Receptor Agonists Sodium Channel Agonists Chitin synthesis inhibitors GABA Receptor Antagonists Pyrroles Pyrazoles Avermectins Benzoylureas Carbamates Organophosphates Pyridazinones dibenzoylhydrazines DDT Hydramethylnon Spinosyns Indoxacarb Neo-nicotinoids Cyclodienes Phenylpyrazoles Pyrethroids Mode of Action is the mechanism by which an insecticide controls the target organism Mode of Activity is the field-assessable symptoms of an insecticide’s action on an organism that are responsible for control

8. Mode of Activity • Insecticide Activity on Target Pest : • Lethal activity • Sub-lethal activity • Repellency • Anti-feedant and oviposition deterrence • Curative activity

10. Life Stage Activity of Insecticides on Codling Moth MSU Trevor Nichols Research Center

11. Insecticidal Activity on Codling Moth

13. Sublethal Activity of Novaluron on Codling Moth

14. Esteem IGR Reduces Overwintering Survival in Plum Curculio (Whalon et al.) Eggs in Esteem Treated PC Fall Migration?

17. Residue Profile on Apple Leaves

19. Curative Activity of Insecticides on Apple Maggot Larvae

20. Insecticide Penetration Profiles in Apple Subsections

21. Insecticides and Their Use in Integrated Pest Management • Mode of Action • Insecticidal Activity • Residue Profiles “The spatial and temporal dimensions of the residue profile in effect regulate the mechanisms at work on the pest.” (Bostanian, N., Wise, J. and Isaacs R. 2012. Insecticides and Their Use in Vineyard Pest Management. In: N. J. Bostanian, R. Isaacs  & C. Vincent (Eds.), Arthropod Management in Vineyards. Springer Publishing Ltd., Dordrecht. 505 p. ) (by Marlene Cameron)

22. Chemical Activity Properties

23. Optimal Timing for Plum Curculio Control in Apple 1st Cover (curative) Petal Fall PF + 3 days OP’s Avaunt Carbs Pyrethroids Actara Assail Calypso Clutch Neonics

24. Optimal Timing for Apple Maggot Control Egg Laying Adult targeted Cover spray Ops Delegate Neonics Preoviposition Period Curative Sprays OPs Neonics DelegateEntrust GF-120 Surround

25. Optimal Timing for Codling Moth Control 175-200 DD b50 Petal Fall Bio+100 DD 250 DD b50 Altacor/Belt Neonics Proclaim Delegate CM virus Organophosphates Rimon

26. Optimal Timing for Codling Moth Control Petal Fall Bio+100 DD 250 DD b50 2nd Cover spray Rimon

27. Optimal Timing for Codling Moth Control Petal Fall Bio+100 DD 250 DD b50 2nd Cover spray Rimon

28. Optimal Timing for Codling Moth Control Petal Fall Bio+100 DD 350 DD b50 2nd Cover spray Rimon

30. Identifying Modes of Insecticidal Activity • Ovipositiondeterence • Antifeedant • Repellency • Curative • Sub-lethal (drawing by Marlene Cameron) For many of the RR insecticides “Lethal and non-lethal modes of insecticidal activity work in concert to achieve the overall crop protection seen in the field.” (Wise and Whalon 2009; Biorational Control of Arthropod Pests: Application and Resistance Management. In I. Ishaaya and A. Rami Horowitz (eds.), Biorational Control of Arthropod Pests: Application and Resistance Management: Springer Pub. Ltd. ) (d)

31. Relative activity spectrum for new materials - Apple TPB * * * * * * Insecticide Avaunt Intrepid Movento Esteem Rimon Assail Calypso Delegate Proclaim Altacor Belt CM * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * OFM * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * OBLR * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * PC * * * * * * * * * * * AM * * * * * * * * * * * * STLM * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * RAA * * * * * * * * * * * * LH * * * * * * * * * * * SJS * * * * * * * * * * *

32. 21st Century IPM 20th Century IPM Industrial Age Information Age “What optimal selection of IPM tools and delivery systems will best exploit the pest’s weaknesses, reduce total inputs, minimize impacts on beneficials, while protecting human and environmental resources?” “Time for another poison”