Memory Ch. 6th

1. Memory Ch. 6th Dr. Ashlea Smith

2. Assignments Related to Ch. On Memory • Show and Tell Activity (Monday 10/13/08) • The Personal Timeline Exercise (Monday 10/13/08) • Reading and finishing Ch. 6! • Test questions/corrections

3. Flashbulb Memory (FB memory) • Definition • Examples: assassination of JFK, MLK, Challenger explosion, O.J. verdict, death of Princess Diana, death of JFK Jr. , the Columbine High School shootings, Shootings at Virginia Tech • Exercise on FB • Location, ongoing event, informant, emotional affect in self/others, & aftermath

4. Memory Game Activity • Schemas and Memory • List of words • Memorization • Report

5. A Flashbulb Memory refers to what? • A. Information we receive from our senses • B. Where we store our memories • C. Information that is processed • D. Memory for a surprising situation, emotionally arousing, and usually of national/international significance

6. Correct Answer: • D. Memory for a surprising situation, emotionally arousing, and usually of national/international significance • Give some examples of FB memories

7. List and describe the different parts of FB memories.

8. FB Memories • Location-Where did you hear the news • Ongoing event-What were you doing when you heard the news • Informant-Who told you about the event • Emotional Affect in Self/Others-emotional reactions in self/others • Aftermath-remembering what you did after you heard the news

9. Memory is defined as an active system that consists of 3 processes They are: • A receiving info. from the senses, organizing and storing the info, while retrieving the info. from storage • B. the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned stimulus, and the conditioned response • C. bottom up processing, selective attention, top-down processing • D. acquisition, extinction, and recovery

10. A receiving info. from the senses, organizing and storing the info, while retrieving the info. from storage • Correct answer A

11. The 1st step in the memory process is _____ info. In a form that the memory system can use? • A. encoding • B. storing • C. retrieving • D. Evaluating

12. A. encoding • Correct answer

13. ___ is the retention of memory for some period of time? • A. encoding • B. storage • C. Retrieval • D. evaluation

14. B. storage • Correct answer

15. Memory • Active system that receives info. from the senses, organizes, and alters it as it stores it away • Retrieves the info from the storage • 3 processes of Memory: encoding, storage, & retrieval

16. 3 Processes of Memory Cont. • Encoding-info from senses convert this info. to usable data stored in the brain • Storage-process of holding on to info • Retrieval-finding/getting info

17. Models of Memory • Information processing model-focuses on the way new data is processed (3 processes of memory) • Parallel distribution processing model-info. processed according to the meaning • Levels of processing model-info more deeply processed (more likely to be remembered) • Stages of memory

18. Stages of Memory • Sensory memory-1st stage, controlled by our senses, ex: double take (2 types) • Iconic sensory memory- (visual), afterimage • Echoic sensory memory-(hearing) echo • Selective attention-process brain focuses/sorts through info to focus on one stimulus

19. Short term Memory (STM) • AKA “Working memories” • Info from our senses--------STM • Held brief periods of time • How we lose it?

20. Long Term Memory (LTM) • Memories kept permanently • Unlimited capacity • Deeply processed by meaning/epistemology/ontology • Retain/Retrieve

21. Different types of Long-term Memories • Procedural memories-”procedures”/”patterns”, skills, habits • Implicit memories-difficult to bring into conscious awareness ex. How to tie your shoe • Explicit memories-insight/awareness, word meanings, ex: science concepts/math • LTM storage- in form of semantic networks, info connected/related stored together • Semantic memory-meanings of words, ex: Jeopardy, who wants to be a millionaire

22. Retrieval of Long Term Memories • Retrieval cues-”stimulus for remembering”, more cues the easier to remember a piece of info. • Encoding specificity-ability to remember info. if you can associate it with a surrounding or physical state • State dependent learning- memories associated with state of mind

23. Recall v. Recognition • Memories retrieved with few or no external cues • Questions act as retrieval cues • Tip of the tongue (TOT) • Need to look at, hear info, & match it to what is stored • Easier to answer, just need to match info. already stored in memory • False positives

24. Memory Effects • Serial position effect- easier to remember info. given at the beginning & end • Ex: list of words • Primacy effect-easier to remember 1st word • Recency effect-easy to remember last word • Flashbulb memories- Ex. In-class exercise with 9/11/01, automatic encoding, long term memories, permanent storage

25. How Reliable are Memories • “Our perception is our reality” • Continuously revised, edited, & altered • Constructive processing-when a memory is retrieved it includes the new changes • Hindsight bias- hindsight is 20/20 • Ex: watching sporting event

26. Problems with Memory • False memory syndrome- when under hypnosis • Retrograde amnesia-memory prior to injury • Anterograde amnesia-memory for anything new • Electroconvulsant therapy • Alzheimer’s Disease-starts with anterograde amnesia and then as disease progresses retrograde amnesia.

27. Memory and the Brain • Cerebellum-procedural memories • Prefontal and temporal lobes of the cortex-short-term memories & semantic/episodic memories (different location) • Hippocampus- new long term memories (w/o this you can no longer store new memories) • Amygdala-memory of fear of objects