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The Mongols

The Mongols. Mongols on the attack. Nomads of the Steppe. Geography: steppe divided into West, East West steppe: Central Asia to Eastern Europe East steppe: Mongolia Very little rain, extreme temps (-57 to 96 F) Short hardy grass covered steppe. Nomadic Life.

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The Mongols

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  1. The Mongols Mongols on the attack

  2. Nomads of the Steppe • Geography: steppe divided into West, East • West steppe: Central Asia to Eastern Europe • East steppe: Mongolia • Very little rain, extreme temps (-57 to 96 F) • Short hardy grass covered steppe

  3. Nomadic Life • Nomads who herded domesticated animals • Depended on herds for food, clothing, housing • Divided into clans, or family based groups • Tribes (groups of clans) gathered to trade, elect king (ceremonial; little power)

  4. Nomadic Life • Practically lived on horseback • Arguably most skilled riders in history • Owned 6-10 horses each • Could ride 100+ miles a day • Drank horse’s blood in emergency; raw meat trick • Steppe horses • Short legged, large heads (not ponies!) • 4 million horses to about 1 million Mongols

  5. Nomads vs. Settled Peoples • Why conflict? • Nomads needed manufactured goods • Nomads tempted to raid towns, merchants • Strong empires resisted by building large armies, walls

  6. Rise of Genghis Khan • 1200: a leader, Temujin, united Mongol tribes • 1206: named Genghis Khan, meaning “universal leader” • Invaded Northern China and destroyed kingdom, devastating population • Moved W against Muslims in Central Asia • Emissary story • Slaughter of Khwarezm people until Sultanate surrendered

  7. Genghis Khan • Brilliant organizer • Standardized troop formations (10000 / 1000 / 100 / 10) along tribal lines • Brilliant strategist • Use of missile troops and shock troops • Tricks, strategies of hunt • Used skills of captives to benefit army • Ex - siege weapons • Used fear, terror to conquer • Est. largest geographic empire in history

  8. Division of Empire (click here) Khanate of Great Khan (family elected a son of Genghis) Khanate of Chagadai (son) Ilkhanate (son) Khanate of Golden Horde (son) Mongol Empire

  9. Mongol Rule • Genghis died, 1227; son, Tolui, succeeded him • Europe “saved” in 1241 w/ death of Tolui Yuan Dynasty (1264-1368) • Government of Mongols • Capital moved to Beijing • Mongols, foreigners put over Chinese • Kept Chinese customs of dynastic name, merit bureaucracy • Silk Road reopened (silk, porcelain) AKA “Great Khanate”

  10. Mongol Rule: Marco Polo • Venetian merchant who traveled w/ dad to China • Arrived in 1275 • Became part of court of Kublai Khan; served for 17 years • Returned to Europe in 1295

  11. End of Mongol Rule in China • Fall of Yuan Dynasty • Kublai Khan died 1294 • Breakdown of Mongol war machine • Mongols got lazy, soft • Very corrupt rulers • Chinese hated Mongols (barbarians) • Famine broke out (floods, disease) • Rebellion broke out, pushed Mongols out • Chinese established the Ming Dynasty First Ming Emperor, Hongwu

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