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Part 7 The Search For Order

Part 7 The Search For Order. The Challenge of Disorder. Part Outline. Chapter 23 Politics, Power, and Violence Chapter 24 Spirituality, Religion, and the Supernatural Chapter 25 The Arts. Chapter 23. Politics, Power, and Violence. Chapter Outline.

Solomon
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Part 7 The Search For Order

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  1. Part 7The Search For Order The Challenge of Disorder

  2. Part Outline • Chapter 23 Politics, Power, and Violence • Chapter 24 Spirituality, Religion, and the Supernatural • Chapter 25 The Arts

  3. Chapter 23 Politics, Power, and Violence

  4. Chapter Outline • How are power and political organizations different? • How are social and political order formed and maintained? • How do political systems obtain popular support?

  5. Kinds Of Political Systems • Uncentralized systems • Bands • Tribes • Centralized systems • Chiefdoms • States

  6. Types Of Political Organization: Membership

  7. Types Of Political Organization: Membership

  8. Types Of Political Organization: Government

  9. Types Of Political Organization: Government

  10. Types Of Political Organization: Economy

  11. Types Of Political Organization: Society

  12. Types Of Political Organization: Society

  13. Bands • Small group of politically independent, though related, households. • The least complicated form of political organization. • Found among nomadic societies. • Small, numbering at most a few hundred people.

  14. Bands • No need for formal political systems. • Decisions are made with the participation of adult members, with an emphasis on achieving consensus. • Those unable to get along with others of their group move to another group where kinship ties give them rights of entry.

  15. Tribes • Tribes consist of small, autonomous local communities, which form alliances for various purposes. • Economy based on crop cultivation or herding. • Population densities generally exceed 1 person per square mile. • Leadership among tribes is informal.

  16. Chiefdoms • The chief is at the head of a ranked hierarchy of people. • The office of the chief is usually for life and often hereditary. • The chief’s authority serves to unite his people in all affairs and at all times. • Highly unstable as lesser chiefs try to take power from higher ranking chiefs.

  17. State • The most formal of political organizations. • Political power is centralized in a government, which may use force to regulate the affairs of its citizens and its relations with other states. • Since their first appearance 5,000 years ago, states have shown a tendency toward instability and transience.

  18. Political Leadership and Gender Women have enjoyed political equality with men in a number of societies: • Iroquoian tribes of New York State - men held office at the pleasure of women, who appointed them and could remove them. • Igbo of Nigeria - women held positions that paralleled and balanced that of the men.

  19. Internalized Controls • Self-imposed by individuals. • Rely on such deterrents as shame, fear of divine punishment, and magical retaliation. • Although bands and tribes rely heavily upon them, they are generally insufficient by themselves.

  20. Externalized Controls • Mix cultural and social control. • Positive sanctions reward appropriate behavior. • Negative sanctions punish behavior.

  21. Functions of Law • Defines relationships among a society’s members and behavior under different circumstances. • Allocates authority to employ coercion to enforce sanctions. • Redefines social relations and aids its own efficient operation by ensuring it allows change.

  22. Settling Disputes • A dispute may be settled in two ways: • Negotiation - the parties to the dispute reach an agreement with or without the help of a third party. • Adjudication - An authorized third party issues a binding decision.

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