APUSH

1. APUSH Weber 217

2. Ch. 6 Reading Test • Read carefully, push the pace.

3. Agenda • Reading test, agenda, and objective (10 minutes). • Articles of Confederation review and notes (20 minutes). • What is the Constitution? The People Speak… (15 minutes) • Chapter 7 focus questions (5 minutes) • Chapter 7 pre-reading lecture (30-45 minutes) • Reading groups (30 minutes)

4. Objective • 5. The Early Republic, 1789–1815 • Washington, Hamilton, and shaping of the national government • Emergence of political parties: Federalists and Republicans • Republican Motherhood and education for women • Beginnings of the Second Great Awakening • Significance of Jefferson’s presidency • Expansion into the trans-Appalachian West; American Indian resistance • Growth of slavery and free Black communities • The War of 1812 and its consequences

5. Articles of Confederation Government: 1781-1789

6. WholesalePriceIndex:1770-1789

7. Federalist vs. Anti-FederalistStrongholds at the End of the War

8. Weaknesses of theArticles of Confederation • A unicameral Congress [9 of 13 votes to pass a law]. • 13 out of 13 to amend. • Representatives were frequently absent. • Could not tax or raise armies. • No executive or judicial branches.

9. State Constitutions • Republicanism. • Most had strong governors with veto power. • Most had bicameral legislatures. • Property required for voting. • Some had universal white male suffrage. • Most had bills of rights. • Many had a continuation of state-established religions while others disestablished religion.

10. Occupational Composition of Several State Assembliesin the 1780s

11. Indian Land Cessions:1768-1799

12. Disputed Territorial ClaimsBetween Spain & the U. S.:1783-1796

13. State Claims to Western Lands

14. Land Ordinance of 1785

15. Northwest Ordinance of 1787 • One of the major accomplishments of the Confederation Congress! • Statehood achieved in three stages: • Congress appointed 3 judges & a governor to govern the territory. • When population reached 5,000 adult male landowners  elect territorial legislature. • When population reached 60,000  elect delegates to a state constitutional convention.

16. The United States in 1787

17. American Exports, To & From Britain: 1783-1789

18. Annapolis Convention (1786) • 12 representatives from 5 states[NY, NJ, PA, DE, VA] • GOAL address barriers that limited trade and commerce between the states. • Not enough states were represented to make any real progress. • Sent a report to the Congress to call a meeting of all the states to meet in Philadelphia to examine areas broader than just trade and commerce.

19. Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7 • Daniel Shays • Western MA • Small farmers angered by crushing debts and taxes.

20. Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7

21. Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7 There could be no stronger evidence of the want of energy in our governments than these disorders. -- George Washington

22. The People Speak

23. Chapter 7 Focus Questions • How did Shay’s Rebellion highlight the ineffectiveness of the Articles of Confederation? • The Constitution is a document of many compromises, which were most significant to the success of the new nation and why? • How accurate is the description of America as a “melting pot” in 1792 and why? • Why was a new constitution needed, according to nationalists such as James Madison and Alexander Hamilton? • What were the major arguments put forth by the Anti-Federalists?

24. I. America under the Articles of Confederation A. The Articles of Confederation 1. Origins a. Drafting b. Ratification 2. Structure 3. Extent and limits of powers B. Disposition of the West 1. Competing agendas a. Indians b. Settlers c. Land companies and speculators

25. Ch. 7, Image 6

26. I. America under the Articles of Confederation (cont’d) B. Disposition of the West 2. Congressional measures a. Acquisition of Indian lands i. Northern ii. Southern b. Ordinance of 1784 c. Ordinance of 1785 d. Sale of frontier lands to private groups e. Northwest Ordinance of 1787 i. Plan for future states ii. Recognition of Indian claim to land iii. Prohibition of slavery in region

27. Ch. 7, Image 2

28. I. America under the Articles of Confederation (cont’d) C. Confederation government under fire 1. Points of controversy a. Unredeemed wartime bonds b. Glut of imported goods c. State tariffs d. State debt relief measures e. State issuance of paper money 2. Shays’s Rebellion a. Objectives and spirit b. Suppression c. Upper-class alarm

29. I. America under the Articles of Confederation (cont’d) C. Confederation government under fire 3. Nationalist impulse a. Concerns i. Lack of national economic policy ii. Popular infringement on property rights iii. Social disorder b. Leading figures i. James Madison ii. Alexander Hamilton

30. I. America under the Articles of Confederation (cont’d) • Confederation government under fire 3. Nationalist impulse c. Main sources of support i. Bondholders ii. Large landholders iii. Merchants iv. Urban artisans d. Initial mobilization

31. Ch. 7, Image 10

32. II. A new constitution A. Delegates to Constitutional Convention 1. Elite backgrounds 2. Shared experience in struggle for independence 3. Shared aims a. Stronger national authority b. Curbs on “excesses of democracy”

33. Ch. 7, Image 1

34. Ch. 7, Image 4

35. Ch. 7, Image 5

36. II. A new constitution (cont’d) B. Structure of government 1. Points of agreement a. Creation of legislative, executive, and judicial branches b. Congressional power to raise revenue c. Protection of property rights from state infringement d. Middle ground between excessive central power and excessive democracy

37. II. A new constitution (cont’d) B. Structure of government 2. Debate over structure of Congress a. Underlying issues i. Balance between state and federal power ii. Balance between large and small state interests b. Competing proposals i. Virginia plan ii. New Jersey plan c. Compromise solution

38. II. A new constitution (cont’d) C. Extent and limits of democracy 1. Expansions of democracy a. Popular election of House of Representatives b. Absence of property qualifications for voting 2. Limits of democracy a. Small size of House of Representatives b. Indirect election of Senate c. Indirect election of president and vice-president d. Life appointments to Supreme Court

39. II. A new constitution (cont’d) D. Division of powers; federalism 1. Expanded national authority a. Presidential powers b. Congressional powers c. Supremacy of national over state legislation 2. Remaining areas of state power E. Separation of powers; checks and balances

40. II. A new constitution (cont’d) F. The slavery question 1. Controversy over 2. Outcomes a. Absence of mention in constitution b. Slave trade clause c. Fugitive slave clause d. Three-fifths clause G. Conclusion of Constitutional Convention 1. Approval of final draft 2. Transmission to states for ratification

41. Ch. 7, Image 8

42. III. Ratification debate and Bill of Rights A. Federalists 1. Mobilization a. Leadership of Madison, Hamilton, Jay; The Federalist b. Support among urban and commercial agricultural interests 2. Positions a. Strong national government as guarantor of liberty b. Urgency of balancing democracy and property rights c. Securing rights by “extending the sphere” d. “Liberal” self-interest over “republican” virtue

43. III. Ratification debate and Bill of Rights (cont’d) B. Anti-Federalists 1. Mobilization a. Diffuse leadership b. Support among small farmers, state politicians 2. Positions a. Strong national government as threat to liberty i. Specter of domination by elite interests ii. Specter of denial of rights b. Locally based democracy over “extended sphere”

44. III. Ratification debate and Bill of Rights (cont’d) C. Ratification D. Bill of Rights 1. Impetus behind 2. Key provisions 3. Significance and legacy

45. Ch. 7, Image 12

46. IV. National identity in the new republic A. Ethnic vs. civil criteria B. Indians in the new nation 1. Conflicting approaches of white Americans a. Exclusion b. Incorporation

47. IV. National identity in the new republic (cont’d) B. Indians in the new nation 2. Early national policies a. Marginalization of Indians in constitution b. Appropriation of Indian lands under treaty system c. Ohio Valley conflicts and Treaty of Greenville i. Indian relinquishment of Ohio and Indiana lands ii. Establishment of “annuity system” d. Program to encourage American-style agriculture i. Prescriptions for “male” and “female” labor ii. Widespread rejection by tribes

48. IV. National identity in the new republic (cont’d) C. Blacks in the new nation 1. Access to rights of citizenship a. Ambiguous status of free blacks b. Unambiguous exclusion of enslaved blacks c. Explicit denial of black eligibility for naturalization 2. Growing view of blacks as inassimilable a. Hector St. John Crèvecoeur’s Letters from an American Farmer b. Thomas Jefferson’s Notes on the State of Virginia

49. Chapter 7 Reading • What were the achievements and problems of the confederation government? • What were the major debates that gave shape to the constitution? • What were the purpose and meaning of the bill of rights as it emerged from the ratification process? • What did “we the People” mean in the new nation for Indians and African-Americans?

50. Explicating a Quote • Pick one quote from the text on the Federalists and Antifederalists (pp.260-265) and explicate it. • Explicate: pull out the meaning and connect it to the historical context (what was going on at the time). • Use inferences (what is in the text that it does not specifically say). • Tell us how it represents a key issue about writing a constitution and/or forming a government.