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Influence of the market place on animal welfare 動物福利對市場的影響

Module 12 模組 12. Influence of the market place on animal welfare 動物福利對市場的影響. This module will enable you to 此模組能夠使你. Recognise the influence of global values about animal welfare upon local markets 認識動物福利的整體價值對當地市場的影響 Understand the power of retailers to demand standards and change

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Influence of the market place on animal welfare 動物福利對市場的影響

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  1. Module 12 模組12 Influence of the market place on animal welfare動物福利對市場的影響

  2. This module will enable you to此模組能夠使你 • Recognise the influence of global values about animal welfare upon local markets 認識動物福利的整體價值對當地市場的影響 • Understand the power of retailers to demand standards and change 瞭解零售商對農產品標準和價格轉變的需求 • Be aware of the effect of the World Trade Organisation on animal welfare and production 認識世界貿易組織對動物福利和農產業的影響

  3. Introduction 導論 • Goods are produced 農產品可用作 • either for home consumption and use (subsistence), 自家使用(自給生產) • or to be sold 或供出售 • Many of the world’s livestock keepers continue to farm on a subsistence basis, using animals for draught power or for food 世上有不少家畜業者繼續以務農為生，動物用以耕作或者食用 • Even these producers may sell animals in time of need 業者需要時甚至會賣掉動物

  4. Subsistence farmers 務農自給者

  5. Trading in livestock 家畜貿易

  6. International trade 國際貿易 • Increasingly trade is international 貿易逐漸變得國際化 • Livestock must therefore be reared and killed according to standards demanded by retailers 因此業者必須按照零售商的要求標準飼養和屠宰家畜 • If these standards are not met, markets may be lost 假如標準不符，業者就會失去市場

  7. From producer to consumer由生產者到消費者 • In many cases the consumer does not buy directly from the producer, but through a retailer 消費者很多時候不是直接向生產商購買產品，而是透過零售商 • The retailer meets consumer demands by purchasing supplies from producers 零售商向生產商進貨，以合乎消費者需求

  8. Case study 1: Supermarkets案例研究一：超級市場 • Top 10 UK supermarket companies sell 60% of all the nation’s grocery sales 全英國60%以上的雜貨是透過前十大超市經銷商售賣的 • Most fresh livestock products reared to a direct specification 很多新鮮畜產品都正好合乎特定養殖要求 • Supermarkets increasingly recognising the importance of corporate ethical responsibility 超市逐漸認識倫理對公司責任的重要

  9. Case study 2: Farm Assurance案例研究二：農業保險方案 The consumer in developed countries: 工業國家的消費者： • May have travelled widely and looks for exotic foods 會周遊列國，尋找具異國風情的食物 • Demands high standards of food safety (many food scares) 對食物安全標準有高要求 (因食物恐慌多) • Is concerned about animal welfare 對動物福利十分關注 Retailer Producer Consumer

  10. Farm Assurance 農業保險方案 • Retailers perceived a market advantage by supplying livestock products that met certain standards for food safety and animal welfare 零售商洞悉市場優勢，向生產商供應符合一定食物安全和動物福利標準的畜產品 • Producers who wish to sell through these retailers must meet these standards 欲經零售商銷售農產品的生產商必須符合上述標準

  11. Farm Assurance 農業保險方案 These schemes should drive up standards of animal welfare, although this is not always the case 這些方案本應協助提高動物福利水準，但事實上卻非經常如此

  12. Farm Assurance 農業保險方案 • Farm Assured – meets minimum regulatory requirements 農場保證：符合法定最低要求 • Freedom Food – RSPCA welfare-driven labelling scheme 自由食物：英國皇家動物防虐協會之農場動物福利標籤計劃 • Organic – certified organic standards 有機生產：有機標準認證 • generally animal-welfare friendly and environmentally friendly 普遍對動物福利和環境有利

  13. Farm Assurance 農業保險方案 • Many intensive pig and poultry units have been set up in South East Asia 東南亞一帶設有很多集約式豬圈和畜牧場 • For export to Europe, animals in these units must be produced to the same standards as those produced in Europe 要出口歐洲，這些牧場動物的養殖標準必須與歐洲養殖標準相符 • This has led (for example) to the introduction of higher animal welfare standards in abattoirs 這樣能夠帶來很多好處，例如引入屠宰場的高動物福利標準

  14. Problems with Farm Assurance農業保險方案的問題 • The retailer may change his/her standards零售商可改變商品標準 • The retailer may change his/her marketing policy 零售商可改變行銷政策 • The retailer may not provide all the information needed by the consumer to make an informed choice 零售商未必能夠向消費者提供全部所需資料，讓消費者作出明智抉擇

  15. Problems with Farm Assurance 農業保險方案的問題 • Livestock producers who cannot provide evidence that they meet standards demanded for Farm Assurance Schemes cannot sell to these retailers 畜產商未能提供證據證明其符合農業保險計劃要求標準，不得售貨予零售商 • This is a disadvantage to livestock producers in many parts of the developing world 這對世界上很多發展中地區的畜產商不利

  16. Case study 3: Loss of markets案例研究三：失去市場 • Several major clothing manufacturers stopped using Indian leather after a welfare organisation campaign about poor animal welfare for Indian cattle before and at slaughter 一個動物福利組織發起運動，聲討印度牛隻於屠宰前與屠宰時所受的惡劣對待，之後數家大製衣商停止使用印度皮革

  17. Case study 4: Meat consumption案例研究四：肉類消費 • Demand for livestock products is growing in the developing world, particularly in urban areas 全球發展中國家對畜產品需求甚殷，市區尤甚 • This has led to proliferation of intensive livestock farms 這導致集約式畜牧場數目激增 • Where consumers have little knowledge of animal welfare, standards may be very poor 在消費者對動物福利所知甚少的地區，福利標準可以十分落後

  18. Case Study 5: National government effects 案例研究五：國家政府的影響 • In the EU, subsidies are provided to sheep farmers. The producer can sell produce at less than its real cost 在歐盟國家，牧羊場主可獲津貼，讓生產商能夠以較實際成本低的價錢銷售農產品 • It is difficult for livestock producers from other countries to compete with subsidised meat 其他國家的畜產商很難競逐已獲補貼的肉類

  19. National government effects國家政府的影響 • Animal welfare legislation in the UK sets out standards for keeping livestock; e.g. tethering sows is banned 英國訂立的動物福利法為畜牧業設下標準，如禁止拴綁母豬 • Local producers must meet these standards and keep sows in more expensive (and welfare-friendly) housing 當地生產商必須符合上述標準，並須為母豬提供價格更高、福利更佳的住房設備 • Imported pig meat does not need to meet these standards and can be produced more cheaply 進口豬肉不必符合上述標準，可廉價出產

  20. “Cheap food” policy 廉價食品政策 • Hidden costs of cheap food 廉價食品的隱性成本 • Reduced farm animal welfare 降低農場動物福利 • Over-use of antibiotics 過度使用抗生素 • Environmental damage 破壞環境 • Farmers not paid a fair price 向農民支付不合理報酬 • In the UK in 2006, it cost 21 pence to produce each litre of milk; farmers were paid 17 pence per litre 在2006年，英國農民為生產每一公升牛奶就花了21便士，但只換來每公升17便士的報酬

  21. Global trade 全球貿易 • Trade is influenced by national government 貿易受國家政府影響 • For example, there may be legislation about hygiene standards, welfare standards, etc 比如，政府會立法制定衛生與福利等標準 • Government may provide subsidies to producers 政府會向生產商發放津貼 • Produce sold on the international market must also meet global standards 行銷國際市場的農產品亦須合乎全球標準 • e.g. to control certain livestock diseases or to prevent trade in endangered species 例：控制某些家畜疾病或禁止瀕危物種交易

  22. Case study 6 -World Trade Organisation (WTO)案例研究六：世界貿易組織 • Trade is increasingly influenced by international rules 國際規則對貿易的影響愈益深遠 • The WTO enforces a worldwide treaty, the General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade (GATT) 世界貿易組織在全球各地執行關稅暨貿易總協定 (關貿總協) • GATT rules facilitate free trade between nations 關貿總協促進各國之間的自由貿易

  23. WTO and animal welfare 世貿組織與動物福利 Under WTO rules a country cannot generally: 根據世貿組織規定，國家一般不可以： • Ban imports of products on ethical grounds 以倫理道德為由禁止產品進口 • Insist that laws designed to protect animals or the environment must apply to imported products as well as those produced domestically 堅稱為保護動物或環境而設的法律必須如國產貨般應用到進口貨中去

  24. WTO threat to welfare 世貿組織對動物福利的威脅

  25. WTO threat to welfare世貿組織對動物福利的威脅

  26. WTO threat to welfare世貿組織對動物福利的威脅

  27. WTO threat to welfare世貿組織對動物福利的威脅 • Difficult to enact animal protection laws – especially for livestock 難以制定動物保護法，尤其是家畜飼養 • WTO prevents restrictions on imports on the basis of production method 世貿組織禁止國家基於生產方法的理由限制農產品進口 • Countries have limited ability to stop domestic markets being undermined by cheap, low welfare imports 各國只能有限度遏止本地市場遭低福利的廉價進口貨蠶食

  28. WTO: Free range = battery世貿組織：放養即籠養

  29. WTO: welfare reforms世貿組織的福利改革 • Accept animal welfare as a legitimate ‘non-trade concern’ 接納動物福利作為合法的「非貿易關注議題」 • Allow trade-related measures (e.g. import bans) on genuine animal welfare grounds 容許商家以真正改善動物福利為由，推行禁止進口等相關貿易措施 • Allow labelling schemes that distinguish between humanely-produced and cruelly-produced food 讓標籤計劃能區分畜產品是以人道方式還是殘忍方式生產

  30. OIE: positive global developments 世界動物衛生組織在全球各地的積極發展 • The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) recognises that health is affected by other aspects of welfare 世界動物衛生組織承認，動物健康受其它方面的福利因素影響 • In 2003 OIE established the first global animal welfare standards: for land and sea transport, and for slaughter for food and disease control 世界動物衛生組織於2003年制定第一套全球動物福利標準：利於海陸運輸、便於屠宰食用和易於屠宰以控制疾病 • OIE is recognised by WTO, so in future it may be possible to use these standards in trade 世界動物衛生組織獲世貿組織認可，因此人們在未來可能會把這些標準運用到貿易中去

  31. Conclusions 結論 • Public concern about animal welfare can have a positive effect on livestock husbandry 市民對動物福利的關注可為畜牧業帶來正面影響 • Retailers set standards that affect animal welfare 零售商設定可影響動物福利的標準 • World trade rules are a major threat to animal welfare世界貿易規則對動物福利是主要威脅 • However, OIE has produced global standards for farm animal welfare 然而，世界動物衛生組織已為牧場動物福利制定全球標準 • Livestock producers should take full account of animal welfare 畜產商應該把動物納入整體考量

  32. Further Reading進階閱讀 • British Society of Animal Science. What Price Cheap Food? <http://www.bsas.org.uk/meetings_&_workshops/past_meetings/past_meetings>. British Society of Animal Science: Penicuik, Scotland, 2002 . • Defra 2006. Farmer suicide rates. Available from: http://statistics.defra.gov.uk/esg/indicators/d704_data.htm • Harper G, Henson S. Consumer Concerns about Animal Welfare and the Impact on Food Choice (EU FAIR CT98-3678). European Union: Brussels, 2001.Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/welfare/eu_fair_project_en.pdf. • Hewson CJ. 2007 Hidden costs of food production: the veterinarian’s role. J Vet Med Educ 33: 561-566 • McInerney J. 2004. Animal Welfare, Economics and Policy. Report on a study undertaken for the farm and animal welfare division of Defra. Available at: http://statistics.defra.gov.uk/esg/reports/animalwelfare.pdf

  33. Further Reading • Stevenson P. Closed Waters: The Welfare of Farmed Atlantic Salmon, Rainbow Trout, Atlantic Cod & Atlantic Halibut. (Compassion in World Farming / World Society for the Protection of Animals.) Compassion in World Farming Trust , Godalming, Surrey, UK. 2007. Available online at: http://www.wspafarmwelfare.org/resources/WSPA%20CIWF%20Fish%20Farming%20Report%202007.pdf • Vaarst M, Roderick S, Lund V, Lockeretz W (Eds) 2003. Animal Health and Welfare in Organic Agriculture CABI: Wallingford, UK • WHO (World Health Organization) Antimicrobial Resistance. Available from: http://www.who.int/foodborne_disease/resistance/en/

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