An Introduction to GPS

1. Geospatial Workshops for Educators July 2012 An Introduction to GPS Prepared by: Alison Goforth Tammy Parece With support from: John McGee James Campbell Hosted by • in association with:

2. Outline • How does GPS Work? • Differential processing

3. Outline • Why do we use GPS? • What is GPS? • How does GPS Work? • What do you need to know about GPS? • What can you do with GPS? • How is GPS used in the real world?

4. How far have we come?

5. Why GPS? • Many features have addresses and landmarks that are associated with a destination. Fred Jones 332 Elm St. Frog Holler, VA 42534

6. However, there are many features that do not have addresses… There are many MAJOR cities that do not even have STREET NAMES! And then there is the open ocean and sky… Why GPS?

7. Why GPS? Location, Location, Location and INFORMATION!!!

8. Navigation is critical Historical Navigational tools have limits: The Sextant – doesn’t work if it is cloudy Lowrance – radionavigation: only worked near land… The military had its own reasons for determining location… Identify targets Friendly fire issues “smart bombs” Pre-GPS

9. What is GPS… And how does it work?

10. GPS is a SYSTEM There are three major components in this system: • Satellites • Ground Control Stations • GPS Receivers (or units) GPS was developed by the Department of Defense at a cost of >$12 billion Funding for the GPS was contingent on making the system available to the public

11. Satellites • There are 24-32 satellites up there at any given time orbiting the earth at ~11,000 naut. miles. • The DOD knows the EXACT location of each of the satellites at any given moment. • These satellites have VERY accurate clocks on board. • The satellites continuously send radio signals towards earth. • These radio signals are picked up by GPS receivers.

12. Satellites: “A Beehive of Activity” http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_1283.html

13. Control Stations • There are five control stations that monitor the satellites. • Control stations enable information on Earth to be transmitted to the satellites (updates and fine turning). • Control stations continuously track satellites, and update the positions of each satellite. • Without control stations, the accuracy of the system would degrade in a matter of days.

14. GPS Receivers • GPS units are referred to as “receivers”. • They receive information (radio signals) from satellites. • The GPS receiver knows how • long it takes the signal to travel • from the satellite to the • receiver.

15. GPS Receivers • The GPS receiver knows how long it takes the signal to travel from the satellite to the receiver. • The Receiver is therefore able to calculate its distance from the satellite. • Distance = time x velocity • Distance = time x 186,355 mi./sec. • The receiver can calculate the time that signal traveled from the satellite to the receiver. • The receiver is therefore able to determine its exact distance from the satellite.

16. How GPS Works One satellite…

17. How GPS Works If the GPS receiver only obtains signals from 1 Satellite, then it “knows” that it is located somewhere on this sphere…

18. How GPS Works

19. How GPS Works If the GPS receiver only obtains signals from 2 satellites, then it “knows” that it is located somewhere where these 2 spheres intersect

20. How GPS Works

21. How GPS Works If the GPS receiver obtains signals from 3 satellites, then it “knows” that it is located somewhere where these 3 spheres intersect (2 points) Using 3 satellites, the receiver assumes that you are at sea level…

22. How GPS Works

23. How GPS Works A fourth satellite is required to determine the exact location and elevation.

24. What do you need to know about GPS?

25. Different “Grades” of GPS receivers • Recreational Grade GPS • Accurate to within 5 meters (could be better, but don’t rely on it) • Suitable for hunting, recreational, and some business uses • Lowest cost (smallest, and easiest to use): ~$100-$800 • Mapping Grade GPS • Accurate to within 1 meter (3 feet) • Requires differential processing (from a base station) • Suitable for many natural resource applications, city planning • $800-$7,000 • Survey Grade GPS • Accurate to within 1 cm • Suitable for building bridges… • $15,000 -$30,000

26. Signal Accuracy There are 2 types of GPS Signals: P-code: (“Precise” code) • This is only available to the military and some selected public officials. • Very precise, not degraded. C-code: (“Civilian” Code). • Less precise • Signal can be degraded (by scrambling the signal) especially in times of conflict. • This is what the GARMIN Legends (and all public GPS receivers) work with… Mapping and survey grade GPS receivers use this too!

27. Selective Availability

28. Selective Availability (SA) • For national security reasons, the military sometimes degrades the C-code signal. This is called selective availability. • These errors are random • Errors can be as high as +300 feet Never say never…. But SA may not be “turned on” again….

29. SA errors can put you on the wrong side of a stream, or even a different city block or street! 300 feet is a lot of real estate!!! Selective Availability The GPS tells you that you are located here… But your real location is here…

30. Selective Availability • It is possible to correct for Selective Availability (as well as other inherent signal errors). • This process is called Differential Correction • Here’s how it works…

31. Differential Correction • There are already established base stations established around the U.S. (and the world…) • Surveyors have determined the precise location of these base stations. • Each base station has a GPS receiver, which collects incoming (scrambled) signals. • The true (surveyed) location is then compared to the GPS coordinates. • The correction values are then sent to other GPS receivers in the field.

32. Differential Correction – GPS Base stations Base stations can be “large or small”, “urban or rural”, “permanent or temporary”!

33. Real Time Differential Correction Base station w/ GPS receiver at known location: Differential Correction Signal GPS receiver in the field collecting points, routes, etc. Exact known (surveyed) coordinates differ from GPS coordinates at this location = exact amount of error!

34. Post ProcessingDifferential Correction Internet Software communicates w/ base station… 2. Field worker returns to office. GPS data is processed to correct forerror 1. Field worker collects data w/ GPS receiver (differential correction enabled receiver)

35. WAAS • The Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) is a differential GPS system that is being constructed to support GPS accuracy in aircraft. • WAAS also provides additional accuracy “on the ground” • The GPS receivers that we are using are WAAS compatible • Pro: Real time differential processing model • Con: ~3 meter accuracy, WAAS satellite not always available (unreliable coverage)

36. WAAS Most (but not all) GPS receivers are WAAS compatible. 95% of GPS receivers on the market today are WAAS compatible The GARMIN Venture HC is WAAS compatible

37. GPS planning software... http://www.trimble.com/planningsoftware.shtml

38. GPS Satellite Visibility: BlacksburgJuly 25, 2010

39. What can you do with a GPS? • Collect and store points (positions) These are called WayPoints. Field corners, insect infestation areas, crop damage, individual trees, trail heads, creek crossings, point source pollution, camping sites, and don’t forget “your car”! • Download the points onto your computer and integrate them with other mapping programs

40. Corner2 Point3 Latitude: 37° 16’ 18” Longitude: W80° 28’ 45” Elevation: 2108 feet 001 Waypoints

41. What can you do with a GPS? • Collect and store the path that you have walked / driven • These paths are called TRACKS. • Calculate the distance of a track (i.e. perimeter around a field) • Calculate AREA measurements within a TRACK (after walking around a field or parking lot...) • Save and Download TRACKS onto your computer.

42. Tracks(just start walking…) What

43. Latitude: 37° 16’ 18” Longitude: W80° 28’ 45” Elevation: 2108 feet Time: 13:22.15 Date: 05/08/2009 Tracks (just start walking…) • Each track point has important information associated with it... • “Virtual bread crumbs” • Track points can be collected: • Based on a time period (every 10 seconds) • Based on distance (every 20 feet) • Or a combination of time and distance (every 10 secs. or 20 feet, whichever comes first).

44. Tracks • You can “track your way back...”* • You can use the track data to estimate area / perimeter* • You can use the time stamp in the trackfile to “georeference (or geotag)” photographs!* * We’ll do this later!

45. What can you do with a GPS? • Collect and store ROUTES • Routes are similar to TRACKS, but are created by associating a series of Waypoints • Tracks are straight lines... • Routes can be handy for measuring “square fields” and “straight lines” • You can measure the length and area (acreage) of a Route.

46. #2 #3 #4 #1 #5 Routes • Establish Waypoints at strategic locations • The GPS Receiver “Connects the dots” • Area and perimeter measurements are generated

47. Routes vs. Tracks Yellow lines = Route Red lines = Track Red dots = Track points

48. What can you do with a GPS? • The GOTO (or “Find”) function Using the ‘GOTO’ function, the GPS will guide you to a predefined Waypoint (you choose which one…) using an electronic compass and “pointer” • The GOTO/FIND function is like using “Autopilot” You can program the GPS to “beep” when you are within a certain distance of a selected Waypoint

49. What can you do with a GPS? • Tide Tables • Many of the marine GPS’s have built in tide tables. They provide tidal information and ranges for any date and any place… • The GARMIN Venture HC does not have tide table information… • Extra bell & whistle = extra $!

50. What can you do with a GPS? • Speed GPS’s calculate your ground speed as you walk, run, drive, or fly