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Translation for Outlines of Japanese Acts

Translation for Outlines of Japanese Acts. Yasuhiro Ogawa Dai Inagi Makoto Nakamura Katsuhiko Toyama Nagoya University, JAPAN. Contents. Background Outlines of Japanese Acts Translation of the outlines Experiment Conclusion. Necessity of Translation of Japanese Statutes.

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Translation for Outlines of Japanese Acts

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  1. Translation for Outlines of Japanese Acts Yasuhiro Ogawa Dai Inagi Makoto Nakamura Katsuhiko Toyama Nagoya University, JAPAN

  2. Contents • Background • Outlines of Japanese Acts • Translation of the outlines • Experiment • Conclusion

  3. Necessity of Translation of Japanese Statutes The demand of the day • Globalization • Easy access to information on rights and duties of foreigners under Japanese laws • Availability of critical information for those who do business in Japan • Supporting law making in foreign nations • Reflection of the Japanese Law to an International Standard Speedy global sharing of legal information

  4. Japanese Law Translation DB (JLT) since 2009 by the Ministry of Justice

  5. Problems of JLT • A low number of translations • 7,800 statutes currently effective in Japan • only 307 statutes translated (As of Aug. 6, 2013) • Require much time for translation • after promulgation • after amendment • Statutory translation is very costly • long and complicated sentences • requires a lot of legal knowledge

  6. How to Solve the Problems? • How to reduce the cost of translation? • How to speed up the translation process? reducing the amount of text we focus on Outlines of Japanese Statutes

  7. Purpose • Translation for Outlines of Japanese Statutes

  8. Purpose • Translation for Outlines of Japanese Acts Automatic Summarization

  9. Contents • Background • Outlines of Japanese Acts • Translation of the outlines • Experiment • Conclusion

  10. Outlines of Japanese Acts • Official summaries of Japanese acts • Published in an official gazette at the same time as their original • Since April, 1973

  11. Japanese Official Gazette outline

  12. Picture of an Outline

  13. Example of an Outline • 3 Inspection • (i) • (ii) If there are reasonable grounds to believe that a Ship in Japan's inland waters or territorial waters or the high seas is loaded with North Korea Specified Cargo, the Commandant of the Japan Coast Guard may, with the consent of the Captain, etc. of the ship if it is in Japan's territorial waters or the high seas, have a coast guard officer(s) take such measures as an inspection of the relevant cargo, documents and/or other articles. (The point of Article 3, Paragraphs 1 and 2) If there are reasonable grounds to believe that a Ship, etc. located at a port in Japan is loaded with North Korea Specified Cargo or that any North Korea Specified Cargo is included in the cargo placed in a bonded area, the Director-General of the relevant Custom-House may have a customs official(s) take such measures as an inspection of the relevant cargo, documents and/or other articles. (The point of Article 3, Paragraphs 3 and 4) Act on Special Measures concerning Cargo Inspections etc. Conducted by the Government Taking into Consideration United Nations Security Council Resolution 1874, etc. (Act No. 43 of 2010)

  14. The Original Act 6 paragraphs (Inspection) Article 3 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) The Commandant of the Japan Coast Guard may order Coast Guard Officers to undertake the following measures, if there are reasonable grounds to believe that a vessel in the internal waters of Japan is carrying Specified North Korea Cargo: (i) to stop the vessel for inspection; (ii) to enter the vessel, inspect the cargo, documents, and other items, or question the crew and other relevant persons of the vessel; (iii) to collect samples, limited to the minimum amount necessary for inspection; (iv) to unload or reload the cargo or to instruct the captain of the vessel, etc. to unload or reload the cargo, within the limit necessary for inspection. The Commandant of the Japan Coast Guard may order Coast Guard Officers to undertake the following measures, if there are reasonable grounds to believe that a vessel in the territorial waters of Japan or on the high seas (including the Exclusive Economic Zone set forth in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea; the same shall apply hereinafter) is carrying Specified North Korea Cargo: (i) to request the captain of the vessel, etc. to stop the vessel for inspection; (ii) to take the measures listed in item (ii) or item (iii) of the preceding paragraph, with the consent of the captain of the vessel, etc. ; (iii) to unload or reload the cargo with the consent of the captain of the vessel, etc., or to request the captain of the vessel, etc. to unload or reloadthe cargo, within the limit necessary for inspection. The Director-General of Customs may order Coast Guard Officers to undertake the following measures, if there are reasonable grounds to believe that a vessel or an aircraft (excluding military aircraft and aircraft owned or operated by a foreign government for non-commercial purposes; the same shall apply hereinafter) is carrying Specified North Korea Cargo at a port or an airport in Japan: (i) to enter the vessel or aircraft and inspect cargo, documents, and other items or question the crew and other relevant persons; (ii) to collect samples, limited to the minimum amount necessary for inspection; (iii) to unload or reload the cargo, or to order the captain of the vessel, etc., the captain of the aircraft, or the person acting on behalf of the captain (referred to in paragraph (2) of the following Article as the ``captain of the aircraft, etc.'') to unload or reload the cargo, within the limit necessaryfor inspection. The Director-General of Customs may order Coast Guard Officers to undertake an inspection of cargo, documents, and other items, to question the owner, possessor, manager, or other relevant persons, or to collect samples, limited to the minimum amount necessary for inspection, if there are reasonable grounds to believe that the cargo placed in a bonded area (meaning an area as prescribed in Article 29 of the Customs Act, including those designated by the Director-General of Customs pursuant to the provisions of Article 30, paragraph (1), item (ii) of the Customs Act; the same shall apply in paragraph (2) of the following Article). Pursuant to Ordinance of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism and Ordinance of the Ministry of Finance, Japan Coast Guard and Customs officials shall wear uniforms and carry identification cards when conducting the inspections prescribed in each of the preceding paragraphs. The authority pursuant to the provisions of paragraphs (1) through paragraph (4) may not be construed as having been granted for a criminal investigation.

  15. Example of an Outline • 3 Inspection • (i) • (ii) If there are reasonable grounds to believe that a Ship in Japan's inland waters or territorial waters or the high seas is loaded with North Korea Specified Cargo, the Commandant of the Japan Coast Guard may, with the consent of the Captain, etc. of the ship if it is in Japan's territorial waters or the high seas, have a coast guard officer(s) take such measures as an inspection of the relevant cargo, documents and/or other articles. (The point of Article 3, Paragraphs 1 and 2) If there are reasonable grounds to believe that a Ship, etc. located at a port in Japan is loaded with North Korea Specified Cargo or that any North Korea Specified Cargo is included in the cargo placed in a bonded area, the Director-General of the relevant Custom-House may have a customs official(s) take such measures as an inspection of the relevant cargo, documents and/or other articles. (The point of Article 3, Paragraphs 3 and 4) Act on Special Measures concerning Cargo Inspections etc. Conducted by the Government Taking into Consideration United Nations Security Council Resolution 1874, etc. (Act No. 43 of 2010)

  16. Example of an Outline 2 paragraphs • 3 Inspection • (i) • (ii) If there are reasonable grounds to believe that a Ship in Japan's inland waters or territorial waters or the high seas is loaded with North Korea Specified Cargo, the Commandant of the Japan Coast Guard may, with the consent of the Captain, etc. of the ship if it is in Japan's territorial waters or the high seas, have a coast guard officer(s) take such measures as an inspection of the relevant cargo, documents and/or other articles. (The point of Article 3, Paragraphs 1 and 2) If there are reasonable grounds to believe that a Ship, etc. located at a port in Japan is loaded with North Korea Specified Cargo or that any North Korea Specified Cargo is included in the cargo placed in a bonded area, the Director-General of the relevant Custom-House may have a customs official(s) take such measures as an inspection of the relevant cargo, documents and/or other articles. (The point of Article 3, Paragraphs 3 and 4) Act on Special Measures concerning Cargo Inspections etc. Conducted by the Government Taking into Consideration United Nations Security Council Resolution 1874, etc. (Act No. 43 of 2010) Paragraphs 5 and 6 are omitted

  17. Characteristics of Outlines • Shorter and simpler • Sometimes not a simple summary • in case of an amendment acts

  18. Amendment Act and Its Outline Part of the Act on Limitation on Number of Court Officials shall be revised as follows: The term “1,717” in the table of Article 1, shall be revised to “1,782,” and “1,020” to “1,000.” (Act 1 of The Act for Partial Revision of the Act on Limitation on Number of Court Officials (Act No. 11 of 2010).) Hard to understand the intention of the amendment

  19. Amendment Act and Its Outline Part of the Act on Limitation on Number of Court Officials shall be revised as follows: The term “1,717” in the table of Article 1, shall be revised to “1,782,” and “1,020” to “1,000.” The Act for Partial Revision of the Act on Limitation on Number of Court Officials (Act No. 11) (Ministry of Justice) 1 The number of judges shall be increased by 65. (The point of Article 1) 2 The number of assistant judges shall be reduced by 20. (The point of Article 1) Substantive contents of the amendment

  20. Characteristics of Outlines • Shorter and simpler • Sometimes not a simple summary • in case of an amendment acts easy to understand the contents

  21. Contents • Background • Outlines of Japanese Acts • Translation of the outlines • Experiment • Conclusion

  22. Advantages to Translating Outlines • Size of a document for 72 acts in 2010 • Understandability • simpler • showing substantive contents for amendments

  23. Compilation of ParallelCorpus of Outlines * 126 acts were promulgated in 2011, but only translated a part of them

  24. Machine Translation for Outlines • Our Goal • speedy sharing of legal information • Machine Translation • speedy • low cost • low quality • Act: accuracy > clarity • Outline: accuracy < clarity may accept a little lower accuracy

  25. Statistical Machine Translation English Corpus Parallel Corpus for Tuning Parallel Corpus Japanese English English Japanese English Translation Model Language Model parameter tuning Input Sentence (Japanese) Output Sentence (English) Decoder Parameter

  26. Our System English Corpus Parallel Corpus for Tuning Parallel Corpus (Statutes) (Statutes) (Outlines) Japanese English English Japanese English Translation Model Language Model parameter tuning Input Sentence (Japanese) Output Sentence (English) Decoder Parameter

  27. Contents • Background • Outlines of Japanese Acts • Translation of the outlines • Experiment • Conclusion

  28. Components • Decoder • Moses • Translation Model • by GIZA++ on 119,143 statutes sentences • Language Model • by SRILM on 119,143 statutes sentences • Parameter Tuning • by MERT using 300 outlines sentences

  29. Targets • Act on Special Measures concerning Cargo Inspections etc. Conducted by the Government Taking into Consideration United Nations Security Council Resolution 1874, etc.(Act No. 43 of 2010) • 79 sentences • Its outline • 26 sentences Expectation: Translation of the Outlines is better

  30. Result automatic evaluation Expectation: Translation of the Outlines is better Result: Translation of the Acts is better

  31. Consideration Why the translation of the acts is better? • differences between the literary style of acts and that of outlines • translation and language models are trained on acts, not their outlines • add preprocessing for the specific style of outlines • improve the SMT system with larger corpus • introduce other techniques of SMT Translation for outlines of acts are useful

  32. Conclusion • Translation for outlines of Japanese acts • Compiled small-sized translation corpus • Experimental translation by SMT • Improve SMT for outlines Future Works

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