Ecology

1. Ecology

2. Define Ecology

3. Define Ecology • study of the interactions that take place among organisms and their environment

4. Describe each of the following terms: • Biosphere • Biotic • Abiotic

5. Describe each of the following terms: • Biosphere - part of Earth that supports life, including the top portion of Earth's crust, the atmosphere, and all the water on Earth's surface • Biotic - living • Abiotic – non-living

6. Describe each of the following terms: • Biome

7. Describe each of the following terms: • Biome - large geographic areas with similar climates and ecosystems • Includes: • TUNDRA • TAIGA • DESERT • TROPICAL RAINFOREST • TEMPERATE RAINFOREST • DECIDUOUS FOREST • DESERT • GRASSLAND

8. Describe each of the following terms: • Organism • Population • Community

9. Describe each of the following terms: • Organism – one of any living thing • Population - all the organisms that belong to the same species living in a community • Community - all the populations of different species that live in an ecosystem

10. Describe each of the following terms: • Ecosystem • Habitat • Niche

11. Describe each of the following terms: • Ecosystem - all the living organisms that live in an area and the nonliving features of their environment • Habitat - place where an organism lives and that provides the types of food, shelter, moisture, and temperature needed for survival • Niche - in an ecosystem, refers to the unique ways an organism survives, obtains food and shelter, and avoids danger

12. Describe each of the following terms: • Limiting factor • Carrying capacity

13. Describe each of the following terms: • Limiting factor - anything that can restrict the size of a population, including living and nonliving features of an ecosystem, such as predators or drought • Carrying capacity - largest number of individuals of a particular species that an ecosystem can support over time

14. Describe each of the following terms: • Producer • Consumer • Decomposer

15. Describe each of the following terms: • Producer - organism, such as a green plant or alga, that uses an outside source of energy like the Sun to create energy-rich food molecules • Consumer -  organism that cannot create energy-rich molecules but obtains its food by eating other organisms • Decomposer – consume wastes and dead organisms

16. Describe each of the following terms: • Predator • Prey

17. Describe each of the following terms: • Predator – an animal that hunts and kills other animals for food. A predator is a consumer [carnivore or omnivore] • Prey – an animal that is hunted and caught for food. Prey is a consumer; it may be a herbivore, omnivore, or carnivore.

18. Describe each of the following terms: • Carnivore • Herbivore • Omnivore

19. Describe each of the following terms: • Carnivore – eat omnivores or other carnivores [other consumers] • Herbivore – eat producers • Omnivore – eat producers and consumers

20. Describe each of the following terms: • Adaptations of consumers: • Carnivore - meat-eating animal with sharp canine teeth specialized to rip and tear flesh • Herbivore - plant-eating mammal with incisors specialized to cut vegetation and large, flat molars to grind it • Omnivore - plant- and meat-eating animal with incisors specialized to cut vegetables, premolars to chew meat, and molars to grind food

21. Review food chains, herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, decomposers http://www.planetpals.com/foodchain.html

22. Describe each of the following terms: • Energy flow through an ecosystem

23. Describe each of the following terms: • Energy flow through an ecosystem - the movement of energy through an ecosystem through food webs. The transfer of energy from one organism to another.

24. Review the flow of energy through plants and animals here: http://www.ftexploring.com/me/me2.html

25. Describe each of the following terms: • Food chain • Food web

26. Describe each of the following terms: • Food chain - chain of organisms along which energy , in the form of food passes. An organism feeds on the link before it and is in turn prey for the link after it. • Food web - Complex network of many interconnected food chains and feeding relationships; a group of interconnecting food chains

27. Review food chains here: http://www.vtaide.com/png/foodchains.htm

28. Describe each of the following terms: • Energy pyramid

29. Describe each of the following terms: • Energy pyramid – a way of showing energy flow. As the amount of available energy decreases, the pyramid gets smaller. Each layer on a pyramid is called a trophic level.

30. Describe each of the following terms:

31. Review energy pyramids here: http://www.ftexploring.com/me/pyramid.html

32. Describe each of the following terms: • Mutualism • Commensalism • Symbiosis • Parasitism

33. Describe each of the following terms: • Mutualism - a type of symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit • Commensalism - a type of symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other organism is not affected • Symbiosis - any close relationship between species, including mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism • Parasitism -a type of symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other organism is harmed

34. Describe each of the following terms: • Succession • Primary succession • Secondary succession

35. Describe each of the following terms: • Succession - natural, gradual changes in the types of species that live in an area; can be primary or secondary • Primary succession – takes where no soil exists • Secondary succession – takes place where soil is already present

36. Describe each of the following terms: • Pioneer species • Climax community

37. Describe each of the following terms: • Pioneer species - a group of hardy organisms, such as lichens, found in the primary stage of succession and that begin an area's soil-building process • Climax community - stable, end stage of ecological succession in which the plants and animals of a community use resources efficiently and balance is maintained by disturbances such as fire.

38. Review succession here: http://library.thinkquest.org/17456/succession1.html

39. List the types of biomes:

40. List the types of biomes: • Tundra • Taiga • Desert • Tropical rain forest • Temperate rain forest • Grasslands • Freshwater • Saltwater

41. Describe each biome • Taiga - world's largest biome, located south of the tundra between 50° N and 60° N latitude; has long, cold winters, precipitation between 35 cm and 100 cm each year, cone-bearing evergreen trees, and dense forests

42. Describe each biome • Tundra - cold, dry, treeless biome with less than 25 cm of precipitation each year, a short growing season, permafrost, and winters that can be six to nine months long

43. Describe each biome • Temperate rainforest - biome with 200 cm to 400 cm of precipitation each year, average temperatures between 9°C and 12°C, and forests dominated by trees with needlelike leaves

44. Describe each biome • Tropical rain forest - most biologically diverse biome; has an average temperature of 25°C and receives between 200 cm and 600 cm of precipitation each year

45. Describe each biome • Grasslands - temperate and tropical regions with 25 cm to 75 cm of precipitation each year that are dominated by climax communities of grasses; ideal for growing crops and raising cattle and sheep

46. Describe each biome • Desert - driest biome on Earth with less than 25 cm of rain each year; has dunes or thin soil with little organic matter and plants and animals specially adapted to survive extreme conditions

47. Describe each biome • Deciduous forest - biome usually having four distinct seasons, annual precipitation between 75 cm and 150 cm, and climax communities of deciduous trees

48. Describe each biome • Freshwater - flowing water such as rivers and streams and standing water such as lakes, ponds, and wetlands

49. Describe each biome • Saltwater - oceans, seas, a few inland lakes, such as the Great Salt Lake in Utah, coastal inlets and estuaries

50. Review biomes here: http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/biomes.html