The War of the Roses

1. The War of the Roses Myth and Reality of the most epic period in English History

2. Main Characters Two parties : • the Party of Lancaster (red rose) • the Party of York (white rose)

3. Lancaster • Henry VI (1421-1471) Reign : 1422-1461 and 1470-1471 • Marguerite d'Anjou, his wife • Edward, Prince of Wales, his son

4. Lancaster-Tudor • Henry, Earl of Richmond (1455-1509) becomes Henry VII Tudor Reign : 1485-1509

5. Lancaster

6. York • Edward IV (1442-1483) Reign : 1461-1470 and 1471-1483 • His father, Edward Duke of York (+1461)

7. York • His sons : Edward V (1470-1483) Richard of York • George, Duke of Clarence (+1478)

8. York • Richard of Gloucester (1452-1485), becomes Richard III Reign : 1483-1485

9. York

10. Lords • Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick (+1471) "the King Maker" • His brothers : George, archbishop of York John, Lord Montagu (+1471)

11. Lords • Duke of Buckingham (+1483) • William, Lord Hastings (+1483)

12. Main Events First period : troubles Henry VI weak, Sommerset and Suffolk plunder the state funds--> Lancastrians unpopular 1449 • English lose Normandy 1450 • defeated soldiers • numerous agitators (Jack Cade ...)-->anarchy • French corsairs

13. death of Suffolk 1453 • End of the 100 year war • Henry VI becomes mad • Birth of his son, Duke of York no more the heir • Duke of York protector of the Kingdom Christmas 1454 • Henry VI recovers his mind • Queen Marguerite and Sommerset at power

14. Second period : first struggle for the power 1455 • battle of St Albans --> Duke of York and Warwick capture the King 1456 • Queen Marguerite gets back her husband Each party raises troops 1456-57 • civil riots 1459 • Marguerite attacks Several battles --> Yorkist leaders leave the country

15. 1460 • Yorkist leaders come back • King captured at the battle of Northampton • Duke of York becomes Heir of the Crown • Marguerite still fights • Duke of York and his oldest son, Edmond, killed at the Battle of Wakefield 1461 • Marguerite gets back her husband at the battle of St Albans • Warwick and Edward take London and Edward becomes King (4th Mars)

16. Third period : Reign of Edward IV (1461-1470) 1461 • Towton battle : the biggest of the war and the final one 1461-1463 • guerilla warfare in Wales and extreme north 1463 • Marguerite flies in France 1464 • Death of the last Lancastrians leaders at the battles of Hedgeley Moor and Hexham

17. 1465 • King Henry VI captured 1461-1469 • Rise of the power of the Neville family George Archbishop of York and chancellor John, Marquis of Montagu, reigns over the north Warwick rules the army and the foreign office • Edward tries to resist 1469 • Edward captured by the Nevilles and his brother George of Clarence

18. Fourth period : new anarchy 1469 • Riots in London and in the whole country • Lancastrian uprising at the Scottisch border • Help of Edward necessary --> more power 1470 • Conspiracy of Clarence and Warwick fails (battle of Lose-Coat Field) Clarence and Warwick flee in France • Clarence, Warwick and Marguerite ally • The alliance takes the power --> Henry VI King

19. 1471 • Edward comes back with a small army • Edward takes York • Several battles in favour of Edward • George Neville betrays the Lancastrians and gives up London and Henry VI to Edward • Battle of Barnet : Warwick and John killed • Final battle of Tewkesbury : Marguerite captured Her son is killed

20. Fifth period : Reign of Edward IV (1471-1483) • Happy period of peace and reconstruction • Governs with the help of his faithful and clever brother Richard • Dies unexpectedly of illness

21. Sixth period : Reign of Richard III • Richard of Gloucester becomes king with the help of the Duke of Buckingham in place of his nephew and despite the opposition of Hasting • He kills his nephews • He crashes Buckingham uprising • He is killed by Henry, Earl of Richmond, at the battle of Bosworth • Henry becomes Henry VII FOUNDS THE TUDOR DYNASTY