AQA A Managing Resources

1. AQA A Managing Resources Past exam questions. For each question (1-25) choose the best or most appropriate answers from either A, B or C

2. 1) Sp. P4 & 1998 P4 & P4F &P5H 2002 & P2F 2003 What is the meaning of the term ‘renewable sources of energy’ • A) A source of energy that can only be used once. • B) Fuel supplies like coal oil and gas. • C) Resources which are naturally replaced after use so that they never run out.

3. 2) P2F 2006 What is a resource • A) Things that humans can use. • B) Fuel supplies already discovered that can be used in the future. • C) Recovery of waste products to convert into materials that can be used again.

4. 3) P2F 2005 What is meant by the term non-renewable • A) Resources which can be used again and again, like water and wind. • B) Fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas, which are finite, and will eventually run out are examples. Once they have been used they can’t be used again. • C) Fossil fuels made from trees and plants.

5. 4) P4F & 5H 2000 & P4F 2002 Name 2 other types of renewable energy (other than wind) • A) Solar power and wind power. • B) Coal and nuclear power. • C) Hydro electric power (HEP) and solar power.

6. 5) P4F 2001 Which of the following are non-renewable • A) Biomass. • B) Hydro electric power (HEP) • C) Natural gas.

7. 6) Sp. P4 & P5 State 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of using wind to make electricity • A) The advantages of using wind to make electricity are that that it is pollution free and the land between the turbines can be used for farming. The disadvantages are that no electricity is produced if there is no wind, and some people think that the wind turbines are ugly and spoil the countryside. • B) Advantages of using wind are that it is cheap to produce wind turbines and you get free electricity from them. The disadvantages are that they can cause some air pollution and can only be built in windy areas. • C) The advantages of using wind to generate electricity are that you can build a wind farm anywhere, and wind turbines do not release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The disadvantages are that wind power does not produce as much energy as fossil fuel fired power stations and the turbines can be a hazard to aircraft.

8. 7) Why are sources of renewable energy being developed? • A) Sources of renewable energy are being developed because fossil fuels will eventually run out. • B) Sources of renewable energy are being developed because traditional non renewable ways of producing energy are guilty of polluting the environment. Also non renewables are finite, meaning that eventually they will run out. • C) We are developing sources of renewable energy because of several reasons. Firstly, because the worlds’ population is increasing, this simply means that more people require more energy. Also, as countries develop their energy requirements rise because they use more labour saving devices like dishwashers, computers etc. Furthermore, the traditional non renewable methods of producing energy are problematic, in that the fossil fuels used in energy production are finite and will eventually run out. Also, non renewables are found to be harmful to the environment because they contribute towards global warming, whereas renewables will not run out and give off little or no pollution.

9. 8) 1998 P4 &P5 explain why there is likely to be a big increase in the use of energy by the year 2010 • A) Because there will be more people in the world so they will need more energy. • B) There is likely to be a big increase in the use of energy by the year 2010 because the worlds’ population will have increased meaning that there will be higher energy requirements. More people will have things like fridges and have to cook food or keep warm, which means more energy used. Also, as countries develop they use more energy because they are able to afford labour saving devices, tools and gadgets which we take for granted in the developed world, like TVs, computers, cars etc. Energy is required not only in running these devices but also in their manufacture. • C) There will be a big energy increase by 2010 because statistics show that energy use has always increased over time and because there will be more people, they will use more energy than if there were less people. Also, China and India are using up lots of energy

10. 9) P2H & P2F 2005 Explain why there is an increasing demand for resources such as those found in Antarctica • A) Because Antarctica has lots of supplies of oil, coal and gas which other countries need. • B) There is an increased demand for the fossil fuels which Antarctica is believed to be rich in because the world’s known reserves of these resources are finite and will eventually run out. Society has come to be reliant on these resources to help meet their energy needs. Also, there is a huge demand for fish which could help to feed the growing populations of some countries. • C) Countries will eventually run out of some resources which are unsustainable, like fossil fuels. They can get these from Antarctica instead.

11. 10) P4F & P5H 2002 Why might energy use increase as a country develops • A) As countries become more developed there is a greater demand for energy because people get more materialistic and buy more products which use energy both in their manufacture as well as in their use. For example, people will buy labour saving devices like cars and dishwashers. These both use up energy when they are made and every time they are used. Also, as countries develop their industries develop and industry is a large consumer of energy. • B) As countries get richer they use more energy because everybody gets cars and electrical goods. These both use lots of oil and electricity, so this is why energy use will increase. • C) Energy use might increase as a country gets more developed because when a country gets richer its population increases dramatically. This rise in population means that more coal and gas is needed to heat their homes. They will also need lots more petrol and diesel to fuel all the extra cars and lorries that will be on the road.

12. 11) P2H 2005 What is sustainable development • A) Sustainable development is development that has happened in a sustainable way. • B) Sustainable development is when economic growth and other activities take place without destroying the environment which we depend on, meaning a good future for the earth. • C) Sustainable development involves economic activity that does not cause environmental damage or exhausts natural resources to the extent that standards of living for future generations decline. An example of this would be sustainable forestry.

13. 12) 1994 P4 Explain how recycling can help reduce damage to the environment • A) Recycling old or waste products can help reduce damage to the environment by conserving the natural resources that are needed to make these products. Also, energy can be saved in recycling goods rather than make new goods from raw materials. An example of this is the recycling of old aluminium cans which only uses 5% of the energy required to make new cans from bauxite, it’s raw material. • B) Recycling means using alternative materials to make products. This saves both energy and natural resources. An example of this is the use of copper to make pipes for plumbing when lead became scarce. We have preserved our lead supplies and copper is also cheaper. • C) Recycling is good for the environment because it means that we are conserving valuable resources for the future. It also means that if we recycle we will use less energy by driving to take all our old products to the bottle and paper banks, than if we just threw these things in the bin and let the council sort the rubbish out for us.

14. 13) P2F 2006 Name 2 materials that can be recycled • A) Paper and leather • B) Glass and plastic • C) Aluminium and coal

15. 14) 1999 P4F What is global warming • A) Global warming is the filling up of the earth’s atmosphere with pollution. • B) Global warming is the increase in the earths overall temperature. • C) Global warming is the hole in the earth’s atmosphere letting more heat in from the sun.

16. 15)P2F Explain why it is important to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide being released • A) It is important to reduce the amount of CO2 because it is one of the greenhouse gases that is responsible for accelerating the natural greenhouse effect which is causing global warming. • B) It is important to reduce the amount of CO2 because it is one of the greenhouse gases that is responsible for causing a hole in the earth’s ozone layer which is causing global warming. • C) It is important to reduce the amount of CO2 because It is responsible for causing acid rain which erodes buildings.

17. 16)P2F 2007 Explain why the control of pollution needs to be agreed by many countries if it is to be successful • A) Pollution is a worldwide problem and can cross the borders of many countries so all countries need to work together to control pollution. An example of this is acid rain which has been caused by coal fired power stations in the UK but effects Sweden and Germany because of wind blown air pollution. • B) Pollution control needs to be agreed by many countries because the more countries controlling pollution the less pollution there is in the world. • C) If more countries agree to control pollution it means that global warming will stop and the ice caps will not melt. This will be good for us because it means that we will not have another ice age like in the film “The Day After Tomorrow”.

18. 17) P5H 2002 Explain how some environments encourage tourism • A) Places that have natural or human attractions will encourage tourists to visit. Natural attractions may include things like good weather, nice beaches or beautiful scenery. Examples may include places like the Algarve in Portugal or the Lake District in England. Human attractions may include things like ancient monuments or theme parks. Examples of these would be Rome in Italy or Disneyworld In Florida. • B) Some environments encourage tourism because they are full of things to see and do. In some places there are loads of activities, which is great because that means you will never get bored and always have something to do. These places are different to those at home which makes them good for tourists. • C) Places that have lots of things people can do, and where you can get different food help to encourage tourism.

19. 18)1999 P5 Using 1 or more examples describe and explain how tourism in LEDC’s and MEDC’s can be encouraged without harming the environment • A) Tourism can be encouraged in both LEDCs and MEDCs as long as it is sustainable tourism. An example of this is ecotourism in the Galapagos islands. • B) Ecotourism or sustainable tourism should meet the needs of local people without damaging the environment in which tourists want to see or do things. This type of tourism is practiced in both LEDCs and MEDCs. .An example in a MEDC is the Kuranda Skyrail in Queensland Australia. Here a cable car has been built above the rainforest and this allows people to experience the rainforest environment without damaging it. It was built without destroying any of the rainforest and gives guide jobs to native Aborigine people. Another example of ecotourism occurs in the Galapagos islands in the Pacific Ocean. Here there is unique plant and animal life which people want to see. Tourists have to follow strict rules to ensure that this fragile environment is not destroyed. They have to stick to paths, not take any plants, shells etc and stay with a guide at all times. They also have to pay a fee which is used for conservation. • C) Places like Benidorm in Spain and Blackpool in the UK, have encouraged tourism that does not harm the environment. This type of tourism is called sustainable tourism. In Benidorm they have built loads of modern hotels which look really good and they import loads of English food to keep the tourists from Britain happy. In Blackpool they have built showers on the beach to wash the sand of people’s feet so that the beach is not eroded and the tourists will keep coming back because they have a lovely beach to use.

20. 19) P2H & P2F 2005 For an area of the UK that you have studied, explain why the tourist industry has developed there • A) Benidorm developed as a tourist resort in the late 1950s because it had a great climate; warm with plenty of sun all year round. It also has great beaches with a clear blue sea. Holiday companies provided cheap package tours and people had more time off work with pay so they could go. • B) The Peak District National Park has a thriving tourist industry with people visiting from all over the UK and abroad. They love the rugged coastline with its high cliffs and the fresh air that it provides. People can climb Scafell Pike the highest mountain in England and generally enjoy the beauty of the scenery. Since it is so close to the densely populated conurbations of Tyneside and Clydeside it has lots of potential visitors within a short car journey away. There are also lots of other things to do here like visiting the human attractions at Shugborough Hall. Furthermore, because there is lots of free parking everywhere it is attractive to motorists, who make up the largest group of tourists. • C) The Peak District National Park in the north of England has developed as a tourist area. It has developed considerably for tourism since being designated as a National Park in 1948. It is an area of scenic beauty and wild unspoilt landscapes which people like to see and enjoy. People can walk, cycle and climb as well as doing lots of other outdoor pursuits. Also, in the Peak District there are several honeypot sites which attract people. Examples include Castleton and Bakewell which have many attractions like cafes, pubs and souvenir shops for tourists. Being near to several large conurbations means that the Park is accessible to many potential tourists.

21. 20) P2F 2002 Suggest 2 environmental problems caused by tourism • A) Tourism causes problems like forcing local people off their land to build hotels like in Benidorm in Spain. Another problem is that jobs in tourism are often seasonal, meaning people can’t earn money all year round like in Blackpool in England. • B) Tourism can cause problems like pollution and erosion. In the Peak District in England pollution levels are sometimes high because of all the exhaust fumes from visitor’s cars. In Amboseli National Park in Kenya the large numbers of tourist safari buses can erode the unpaved roads. • C) Tourism causes lots of environmental problems. One of these is the disturbance to endangered species in national parks like Amboseli in Kenya. It is possible that tourists get too close and scare the animals away and therefore interfere with their breeding. Another example is that tourists can offend the culture and traditions of local people. Women from Europe, who sunbath topless can offend some in Muslim countries like Egypt.

22. 21) P2F 2003 Using examples of places you have studied, describe the advantages of tourism • A) Tourism is good for places because it brings in money and it gives people jobs, as well as often helping to improve the infrastructure of a place. It also helps to preserve local customs and traditions. An example of this is in Kenya where local people are employed to work as tour guides or in hotels in the coastal resort of Mombasa. As Kenya is a LEDC it can earn much needed foreign exchange from tourists coming from MEDCs. In Benidorm, Spain, the beach has been cleaned up and improvements have been made to the sewage system which benefits locals as well as tourists. Futhermore, tourism is helping the Masai people in Kenya. Traditions are being preserved by putting on shows for tourists and showing them what life is like in their villages. • B) Tourism brings lots of advantages as well as disadvantages to places. One of these is the disturbance to endangered species in Kenyan national parks like Amboseli. Sometimes tourists can get too close and scare the animals away which may affect their breeding. Another example is when tourism can affect the local culture. An example of this is women from Europe topless sunbathing and offending some people in Muslim countries like Egypt. Advantages include making money from tourists and creating employment like working as a waiter or a maid in a hotel. • C) Tourism brings lots of advantages to places. People get to see people from other countries and experience different cultures. Wealth is created by tourists spending their cash while they are on holiday. People are employed in tourist related jobs like hotel workers and lifeguards. Another advantage is that local people can benefit from improvements in infrastructure which have been done for tourists.

23. 22) Sp P4 With reference to a LEDC area you have studied in the world, what attractions does this area have for European holiday makers. • A) Kenya has several attractions for European tourists such as fantastic, fine, white sandy beaches for relaxing on, as well as the warm clear Indian Ocean for swimming in. It also has a coral reef for snorkelling and scuba diving. Furthermore, there are many national parks where people can see wildlife that you only get in zoos in Europe, like elephants and lions. • B) Benidorm in Spain, is great for European tourists because it has lots of attractions like a clean beach for relaxing on and clear blue sea for swimming in. It also has lots of new, modern hotels which are very luxurious. Also, Benidorm has good nightlife with plenty of pubs, restaurants and discos which Europeans like. Furthermore, people speak English and you can get English food and drink almost anywhere. • C) The Galapagos islands in the Pacific Ocean has lots of attractions for European visitors. There are loads of rare wildlife which people can see.

24. 23)P2H 2004 Describe the advantages and the disadvantages of tourism to the economies of LEDCs • A) Tourism brings both advantages and disadvantages to the economies of LEDCs. Economic advantages include the jobs created for local people working in tourist developments like hotels and airports. Also the local economy benefits by tourists spending money on souvenirs and locally produced foods. Disadvantages are that sometimes the environment is destroyed for the building of hotels and airports for tourists. • B) Tourism brings both advantages and disadvantages to the economies of LEDCs. Economic advantages include the jobs created for local people working in tourist developments like hotels and airports. Also the local economy benefits by tourists spending money on souvenirs and locally produced foods. Disadvantages include the fact that a lot of jobs can be unskilled and low paid and seasonal. • C) Tourism brings both advantages and disadvantages to the economies of LEDCs. Advantages are that local cultures and traditions are preserved. The environment is preserved for tourists and locals to enjoy. Also, tourism earns the country money through foreign exchange. Disadvantages are that sometimes the environment is destroyed for the building of hotels and airports for tourists. Also, tourists can look down on local people and treat them badly. Finally, tourists can be fickle and when places go out of fashion they can lose money.

25. 24)P2F and P2H 2007 Explain how MEDCs gain from the development of tourism in an LEDC • A) MEDCs gain from tourism because they earn a lot of money from people visiting LEDCs. Lots of jobs are created as well which keeps people off the dole. We also benefit by meeting tourists from LEDCs because there is cultural exchange. • B) MEDCs gain from the development of tourism in LEDCs in several ways. Firstly, lots of the large hotel chains like Hyatt have hotels in LEDCs like Kenya. A lot of the money they make through tourists goes back to the country where the company is from, which is usually a MEDC, and so a lot of money leaks out of the LEDC. Also most of the top jobs in these hotels are taken by well educated company staff, which are usually from MEDC countries, rather than local people. Furthermore, when wealthy tourists stay in these hotels they demand food and drink brands which they are familiar with, e.g. .Heineken beer. So the hotel has to import this from MEDCs and so money does not always trickle down to benefit the local economy. Instead, the MEDC companies gain from exporting their products to the LEDC. Finally, the airlines that transport the tourists from the MEDCs to the LEDCs are mostly MEDC owned, so a lot of the profit goes back to the MEDC. • C) MEDC gain from the development of tourism in many ways. Large hotel chains get the tourists’ money. Jobs in these hotels tend to go to MEDC employees. MEDC companies benefit by exporting tourist products like food and drink. MEDC owned airlines transport passengers to LEDC holiday destinations. MEDC citizens get to see different places and cultures. They can also spend money on gifts and souvenirs which benefits the local community. So all in all there are lots of gains for MEDCs.

26. 25) P4 1998 & P2H 2006 What is green tourism • A) Green tourism involves tourists who deliberately travel short distances to reduce their environmental impact • B) Green tourism is when tourists prefer to go to countryside areas like forests and mountains or lakes and national parks. Places where there is a lot of greenery. • C) Green tourism is tourism in which the protection of the environment and the way of life of local people is considered important enough to take action to protect them. It is the same as eco-tourism

27. Managing resources answers • Answers • 1) C 6) A 11) C 16) A 21) A • 2) A 7) C 12) A 17) A 22) A • 3) B 8) B 13) B 18) B 23) C • 4) C 9) B 14) B 19) C 24) B • 5) C 10) A 15) A 20) B 25) C