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Paper 1 – Move to Global War

Paper 1 – Move to Global War. Impact of fascism and Nazism on the foreign policies of Italy and Germany Impact of domestic economic issues on the foreign policies of Italy and Germany Changing diplomatic alignments in Europe; the end of collective security; appeasement

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Paper 1 – Move to Global War

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  1. Paper 1 – Move to Global War • Impact of fascism and Nazism on the foreign policies of Italy and Germany • Impact of domestic economic issues on the foreign policies of Italy and Germany • Changing diplomatic alignments in Europe; the end of collective security; appeasement • German challenges to the post-war settlements (1933–1938) • Italian expansion: Abyssinia (1935–1936); Albania; entry into the Second World War • German expansion (1938–1939); Pact of Steel, Nazi–Soviet Pact and the outbreak of war • International response to German aggression (1933–1938) • International response to Italian aggression (1935–1936) • International response to German and Italian aggression (1940) Cause of Expansion Events Response

  2. Lesson 1a – Italian Expansionism • Essential Question • To what extent was there change & continuity in Italian foreign policy? • Learning Outcomes - Students will: • Define Fascism • Learn about Mussolini’s foreign policy in the 1920s • Success Criteria • I can complete a chart outlining Mussolini’s foreign policy goals Leave space for 4 lessons

  3. Vocab • Corfu Incident • Pact of Rome • Pact of Friendship • Treaty of Friendship • Fascism

  4. Reading • SL– Pg. 112-140 (Move to Global War) • HL Only – Interwar Years - Pg. 65~90 • Class vs. Textbook • Class – discuss the main ideas and themes, with some evidence • Textbook – provides further evidence to support your claims & provides practice questions 5 Lessons

  5. Fascism Ideology • When Mussolini came to power until 1925, it was “more a political action party seeking an ideology”James B. Whisker • Therefore, more pragmatic group that can adjust to different situations • Ex. Communism – Ideology is already created, therefore forced to follow its ideas, as opposed to creating their own

  6. What is Fascism? • From the events leading to Mussolini’s rise to power, what is fascism? • Ex. How did he come to power? Was he elected? What does this show about democracy? • Ex. Who are the enemies? • Ex. Why did the industrialists support them? • Ex. Why was Italy upset after WW1? What was promised to them? How many died? For what? • What is Fascism? • Anti-democratic – do not respect democratic institutions, such as Parliament, other political parties, etc… • Anti-communist - 1921 – squadre d’azione killed 100 socialists • Militant/Use of violence - squadre d’azione, Blackshirts • Nationalistic/Pride in the state – Fiume Affair

  7. What is Fascism? • From the events leading to Mussolini’s rise to power, what is fascism? • Ex. What style of gov’t should lead? • Ex. What was the Fascist solution to economic problems? • What is Fascism? • Anti-democratic – do not respect democratic institutions, such as Parliament, other political parties, etc… • Anti-communist - 1921 – squadre d’azione killed 100 socialists • Militant/Use of violence - squadre d’azione, Blackshirts • Nationalistic/Pride in the state – Fiume Affair • Authoritarian leadership - Acerbo Law & Matteotti Crisis • State control benefiting businesses – Corporate State

  8. Foreign Policy Goal Mussolini – make Italy “great, respected and feared”

  9. Foreign Policy Why did Mussolini not stand up to Britain as he did Greece? • Corfu incident (Aug ’23) – an Italian general is murdered in Greece • Mussolini demanded an apology and 50 mil lire from the Greek gov’t, who refused as they were not responsible • In response, Mussolini invaded the Greek island of Corfu • Greece paid the fine making Mussolini and national hero and easily winning the election • No apology and were forced to leave the island when Britain sent its navy to the area • Significance • Shows Mussolini can bully small countries, but not “great” powers • Foreign Policy success helped Mussolini win the 1924 elections

  10. Foreign Policy actions • Diplomacy • Can’t push around the “great” powers • Keep Britain and France on his side • Remained in the League of Nations • 1925 – Locarno Treaty - European powers, including Italy, recognize the current borders of Europe • 1926 – came to an agreement with Britain over the border with Libya and Egypt • 1928 – signs the Kellogg-Briand Pact

  11. Foreign Policy actions • Aggression/Seeking Allies • Can push around smaller countries • 1924 – Pact of Rome - Yugoslavia accepts Italian occupation of Fiume • gave aid (money, Italian companies invested and Italian officers advised the military) to an Albanian chieftain Zog against Yugoslavia • 1926 – Pact of Friendship – Albania is pretty much a satellite state of Italy • Gave secret support to extreme nationalists groups in Europe • Ex. 1927 – Treaty of Friendship – Italy would secretly sell weapons to Hungary

  12. Foreign Policy Goal Mussolini – make Italy “great, respected and feared” Corfu Incident Political – Acerbo Law Economic – Corporate Sate and Battle of Wheat Locarno Treaty 1924 – Pact of Rome with Yugoslavia 1929 – Pact of Friendship Not very successful Corfu Incident 1926 – gaining territory in Egypt Gaining territory in Africa, Yugoslavia, Albania Gave secret support to extremist groups Ex. Treaty of Friendship

  13. Paper 1 – Move to Global War • Impact of fascism and Nazism on the foreign policies of Italy and Germany • Impact of domestic economic issues on the foreign policies of Italy and Germany • Changing diplomatic alignments in Europe; the end of collective security; appeasement • German challenges to the post-war settlements (1933–1938) • Italian expansion: Abyssinia (1935–1936); Albania; entry into the Second World War • German expansion (1938–1939); Pact of Steel, Nazi–Soviet Pact and the outbreak of war • International response to German aggression (1933–1938) • International response to Italian aggression (1935–1936) • International response to German and Italian aggression (1940) Cause of Expansion Events Response

  14. Lesson 1b – Italian Expansionism • Essential Question • To what extent was there change & continuity in Italian foreign policy? • Learning Outcomes - Students will: • Preview – define the command and clarifying terms • Learn about the shift in foreign policy • Success Criteria • I can begin my continuity and change chart Leave space for 4 lessons

  15. Preview • To what extent was there change & continuity in Italian foreign policy in the 1930s? • Can you find the command term? • To what extent • Clarifying term? • Change • Continuity

  16. Vocab • “To what extent” • Change • Continuity • Four Powers Pact • Anschluss • Stresa Front • Abyssinia • Hoare-Laval Pact

  17. Reading • SL & HL – Pg. 112-140 (Move to Global War) • HL Only – Interwar Years - Pg. 65~90 • Class vs. Textbook • Class – discuss the main ideas and themes, with some evidence • Textbook – provides further evidence to support your claims & provides practice questions 4 Lessons

  18. Continuity or Change

  19. Mussolini and Hitler • Originally, saw Hitler as a junior ally while Mussolini had to goal of being a power in Europe • June 1934 – Mussolini invited Br, France and Germany to sign the Four Powers Pact • These powers came to Italy and Mussolini was giving Europe leadership • 1934 – meets Hitler in Venice calling him “a silly little monkey”

  20. Mussolini and Hitler • Mussolini was worried about an Anschluss • Italy would lose its northern border security • Hitler would demand the German-speaking region of Alto Adige • 1934 – Right-wing and Mussolini supported leader of Austria, Dollfuss, is assassinated by Austrian Nazis • July 1934 – Italy placed troops on the Austrian-Italian border to deter Germany creating an armed Anschluss • Apr. 1935 – Stresa Front • alliance with Britain and France to prevent German expansion and protect Austrian sovereignty • Significance • Britain and France are fearful of Germany • Thisfearwould cause Britain and France to support Mussolini in hisoverseasexpansion Are Mussolini and Hitler Allies? How important is ideology?

  21. Abyssinia • Why Abyssinia? • Desire for Empire (spazio vitale) • Increase colonial troops to increase strength • Image – impress the Great Powers and increase national prestige after failed domestic policies • Abyssinia was weak, uncolonized and could be attacked via Eritrea and Somaliland • 1935 – over a local disagreement over grazing rights, Mussolini sends 500,000 soldiers, with the latest weaponry (tanks, poison gas) against Ethiopians, many using spears • 275,000 Ethiopians killed • International reaction • Hoare-Laval Pact - Britain and France secretly proposed giving Italy 2/3 of Abyssinia, until it was leaked • League of Nations condemned Italy, declaring it the aggressor nation and imposed sanctions, but not on oil

  22. Abyssinia - Impact • Collapse of the Stresa front • After the Hoare-Laval Pact was leaked, Br and Fr imposed an oil embargo in Mar. ’36, but not implemented until May • Pushed Italy and Germany closer to one another • 1936 – Mussolini tells Hitler that he does not oppose an Anschluss with Austria • 1936 – agreed to join Hitler in the Spanish Civil War • League of Nations is seen as weak • July – ends all sanctions against Italy • 1937 – Italy leaves the League of Nations • Mussolini had the first steps of his “New Roman Empire,” although it did not bring him much economic benefit • Mussolini is praised at home • Continued guerilla warfare • Italy spent 12.5% of its budget on East Africa • “Ethiopia bled Italy dry” - Clark

  23. Continuity or Change Examples Examples Examples Examples

  24. Paper 1 – Move to Global War • Impact of fascism and Nazism on the foreign policies of Italy and Germany • Impact of domestic economic issues on the foreign policies of Italy and Germany • Changing diplomatic alignments in Europe; the end of collective security; appeasement • German challenges to the post-war settlements (1933–1938) • Italian expansion: Abyssinia (1935–1936); Albania; entry into the Second World War • German expansion (1938–1939); Pact of Steel, Nazi–Soviet Pact and the outbreak of war • International response to German aggression (1933–1938) • International response to Italian aggression (1935–1936) • International response to German and Italian aggression (1940) Cause of Expansion Events Response

  25. Lesson 1c – Italian Expansionism • Essential Question • To what extent was there change & continuity in Italian foreign policy? • Learning Outcomes - Students will: • Preview – What is the message conveyed? • Learn about Mussolini’s foreign policy after the Abyssinian crisis • Find out why Italy entered WW2 • Success Criteria • I can complete my continuity and change chart Leave space for 4 lessons

  26. 1b – Message Conveyed

  27. Vocab • Rome-Berlin Axis • Anti-COMINTERN Pact • Munich Conference • Pact of Steel • Non-belligerent

  28. Reading • SL & HL – Pg. 112-140 (Move to Global War) • HL Only – Interwar Years - Pg. 65~90 • Class vs. Textbook • Class – discuss the main ideas and themes, with some evidence • Textbook – provides further evidence to support your claims & provides practice questions 4 Lessons

  29. Relationship with Germany • Germany and Italy move closer together • 1936 – Germany and Italy send aid during the Spanish Civil War • Oct 1936 – Rome – Berlin Axis • Secretly, Italy would direct its attention to the Mediterranean while Germany would look east • Nov 1937 – Anti-Comintern Pact • 1938 – Italy accepts the Anschluss • Why • Abyssinia and Spain made it clear that Mussolini was alone • 1937 – Mussolini visits Hitler • Hitler produces a grand parade showing the military might of Germany • It is apparent that the Mussolini has become the junior partner in this alliance

  30. “Honest broker” • Mussolini wished to be seen as the “broker of peace,” therefore reaffirming his powerful standing in Europe • 1938 Munich Conference • Mussolini actsas mediator • Isseenas a hero for preventing war • Significance • Britain and France would do anything to avoid war • Mussolini views Britain and France as weak • Mar ‘39 - Reaffirmed when Hitler invades Czechoslovakia

  31. Aggression • Mussolini took advantage of this to push his own foreign policy in the Balkans and Mediterranean (Mare Nostrum) • 1938 - Calls for the annexation of Corsica, Nice and Tunis • Apr. 1939 – invades Albania • 1939 – Mussolini sends an ultimatum demanding Albania to allow Italian occupation, which is refused • Similar to Poland, Britain provides guarantees to Greece and Romania to aid if attacked • May 1939 – Pact of Steel • Each nation would join the other in war, regardless if they started it • Mussolini informs Hitler that his army is 3 years away from being ready

  32. Why did Italy Enter WW2? • Sept 1, 1939 – Hitler invades Poland • Mussolini does not enter since he is not ready • the country has fought wars over the last 5 years (war weary) • Not in Italian interests • Mussolini declared Italy a “non-belligerent” • June 1940 – Italy declares war • Why? • The west would soon be defeated • Germany would dominate Europe, a country upset with Mussolini’s unwillingness to follow the Pact of Steel • If he joined, he would share Europe and gain a free hand in the Mediterranean

  33. Examples Examples Examples Examples Examples

  34. Paper 1 – Move to Global War • Impact of fascism and Nazism on the foreign policies of Italy and Germany • Impact of domestic economic issues on the foreign policies of Italy and Germany • Changing diplomatic alignments in Europe; the end of collective security; appeasement • German challenges to the post-war settlements (1933–1938) • Italian expansion: Abyssinia (1935–1936); Albania; entry into the Second World War • German expansion (1938–1939); Pact of Steel, Nazi–Soviet Pact and the outbreak of war • International response to German aggression (1933–1938) • International response to Italian aggression (1935–1936) • International response to German and Italian aggression (1940) Cause of Expansion Events Response

  35. Lesson 1d – Italian Expansionism • Essential Question • To what extent was there change & continuity in Italian foreign policy? • Learning Outcomes - Students will: • Determine the most significant event in Mussolini’s foreign policy • Review the chart to find the continuity and change • Learn about the historiography of Mussolini’s foreign policy • Success Criteria • I can complete a table for the historiography of Italian foreign policy Last Lesson

  36. Review - Significance What do you think is the most significant event in Mussolini’s foreign policy? Why?

  37. Vocab • Renzo De Felice • AJP Taylor • Gerhard Schreiber

  38. Reading • SL & HL – Pg. 112-140 (Move to Global War) • HL Only – Interwar Years - Pg. 65~90 • Class vs. Textbook • Class – discuss the main ideas and themes, with some evidence • Textbook – provides further evidence to support your claims & provides practice questions Last Lesson

  39. To what extent was there change & continuity in Italian foreign policy?

  40. To what extent was there change & continuity in Italian foreign policy?

  41. Historiography Leave 3 lines for each category

  42. Historiography • Renzo De Felice (Mussolini’s official biographer) • Italian foreign policy: Mussolini had minor goals in the Mediterranean and had no intention of attacking West • Mussolini wished to be the power that balanced Europe (ex. Munich Conference) • Italian-German Alliance: Alliance with Hitler was not imperialist in nature but more out of fear of Germany • Ex. Mussolini signed the Pact of Steel out of fear of Hitler

  43. Historiography AJP Taylor • Italian foreign policy: Mussolini sought an expansionist policy in the Mediterranean • Ex. Because his focus was in the Mediterranean (Mare Nostrum), he would naturally be more against Britain and France • Italian-German Alliance: conflicted with Hitler • Ex. Mussolini thought Hitler agreed to leave Austria independent, but this is in contrast to the Anschluss

  44. Historiography • Gerhard Schreiber • Italian foreign policy: dependent on the domestic policies within Italy • Foreign Policy was just a form of propaganda to gain domestic approval • Ex. Abyssinia increased national prestige • Ex. Entered the Spanish Civil War to appease Catholics who feared a communist takeover • Italian-German Alliance: Had no strategy joining with Hitler • Ex. Stresa Front to Pact of Steel to Non-belligerent to enter WW2

  45. Historiography

  46. Foreign Policy Goal Mussolini – make Italy “great, respected and feared”

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