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Unification of Italy

Unification of Italy. “Under a Native Prince”. Factors Hindering Unification. Must unify 9 separate Italian states Geographic division (North and South very different) High rate of poverty and illiteracy Opposition to unification from Austria, France and the Pope

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Unification of Italy

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  1. Unification of Italy “Under a Native Prince”

  2. Factors Hindering Unification • Must unify 9 separate Italian states • Geographic division (North and South very different) • High rate of poverty and illiteracy • Opposition to unification from Austria, France and the Pope • Congress of Vienna gave Austria and France much power in Italy • How to unify (Republic, Const. Monarchy, or Federation under the Pope???)

  3. Hindered by multiple states and Austria

  4. 3 leaders of Italian Unification • Mazzini --- “The Soul” • Garibaldi --- “The Sword” • Cavour ---- “The Brain”

  5. Mazzini • “The Soul” • Revolutionary republican • founder of Young Italy (nationalist group) • Inspiration for unification - lays the groundwork of Nationalism

  6. Garibaldi • “The Sword” • revolutionary republican • mercenary in South America • Red Shirts • (volunteers who helped Garibaldi)

  7. Symbol of the Red Shirts

  8. Kingdom of Piedmont/Sardinia • Kingdom had a monarchy • Victor Immanuel II - a native prince Count Cavour • “The Brain” • becomes prime minister of Sardinia; builds up Sardinia economically

  9. Steps in unification - all orchestrated by the Brain!!! • 1)Cavour makes an alliance with France against Austria • France’s Napoleon III agrees to help them in war against Austria. Napoleon does not favor Italian unification but hopes to weaken Austria • Sardinia hopes to get Lombardy & Venetia • France would get Nice & Savoy from Sardinia

  10. 2)Sardinia gains Lombardy, but not Venetia because France backs out (but still wants payment from Sardinia) by signing Treaty of Villa Franca with Austria • 3) other northern Italian states revolt against their rulers - vote to join with Sardinia - so Northern Italy united under Sardinia

  11. 4) Garibaldi (paid by Cavour) liberates Kingdom of Two Sicilies from foreign ruler; marches north with his 1000 Red Shirts

  12. 5)Cavour convinces Garibaldi to give Sicilies to a United Italy under Victor Emmanuel II - unites northern & southern Italy

  13. Garibaldi Victor Immanuel II

  14. What’s left to unite??Venetia& Papal State of Rome

  15. 6)Venetia added in 1866 when Prussia defeats Austria (NOTE: tie in w/ German Unification wars)

  16. 7)Rome addedin 1870-71 when France withdraws troops from Rome because of Franco-Prussian War

  17. Rome made Capital of New Italian Nation-State

  18. But Pope objects: Vatican separate

  19. Problems after Unification • Weak economy but high taxes • Mafia forms due to corruption in govt. • No experience with democracy • Pope forbids Catholic participation in govt. • Alliance with Germany • Multiple political parties • Unstable govt. leads to mass emigration • Scramble for colonies for prestige (Imperialism)

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