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1. The Early American Colonies

   Unit I
2. Standards Covered in This Unit SSUSH1 The Student Will Describe European Settlement in North America during the 17th Century. SSUS2 The Student Will Trace The Ways That The Economy And Society of British North America Developed
3. Pre-Colonial America First Discoverers of North America were Asians They came over on the Bering Strait Land Bridge that Stretches from Russia to Alaska during the Ice Age By 5000 BC, They had moved from Hunters to Hunters and Gatherers (Adapted to Environment) The Native Americans Belief that no humans owned the land, made it easy for Europeans to take it over Women did have a bigger role in Gov’t compared to European women. They stayed home and took care of children while men hunted
4. Pre-Colonial America The Norse Vikings discovered Newfoundland but later abandoned due to conditions. Europeans stayed away for hundreds of years. Marco Polo found vast riches in China in 1295. When he returned with stories it spurred others to explorer Europeans set up settlements in Africa, where slaves were discovered to work on plantations Christopher Columbus wanted to find a quicker route to Asia Accidently in 1492, he “discovered” America for Europe
5. Pre-Colonial America Myth Truth Columbus voyage did forever change the world Vikings discovered Newfoundland in 1000 A.D. Columbus was looking for better trade routes Columbus Discovered America Columbus was first European in America The 1400’s world thought the world was flat
6. Columbus Initial Voyage Funding came from Spanish King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella The journey was very complicated due to dangerous sea routes. So Columbus sailed West and “Discovered” America He landed in San Salvador assuming he had landed in India
7. Effects of the Voyage Named the New land America for Mapmaker Americo Vespucci The Columbian Exchange was set up as ideas went back and forth between Natives and Europeans The Natives taught the Europeans about Chocolate, Corn, Tobacco, peanuts, etc. Also, taught them how to survive The Europeans taught the Natives about domesticated animals, wheels, axles, and disease
8. The Devastation of Native Americans Europeans Violently took over the Native Americans in search of Gold and Glory Also Europeans brought over many new diseases killing Natives
9. Early Explorers of America Magellan- First to Sail Around the World in 1522 Balboa- First to Reach the Pacific Ocean 1513 Cortez- Conquered Mexico in 1519 Pizarro- Crushed the Incas in 1532 in Peru Pounce de Leon- Explored Florida and found the “Fountain of Youth” De Soto- Spanish Conquistador. Discovered Mississippi. Was brutal to Indians
10. Factors of Colonization Renaissance- New Motivation, New Technology National Rivalry- Intense Competition between Nations to Colonize Religion- Wanted to Flee Persecution, and also Spread Christianity Economic Opportunity- Many riches in new World Politics- People were not pleased with politics of the country
11. Comparing Colonization Spanish- “God-spread Catholism to stop Protestants, Glory for the Explorers, and Gold for the Monarchs” - Area of Settlement St. Augustine French- Gold in forms of furs, fish tobacco, Glory- Samuel Champlain explored for France - Area of Settlement was Canada and NW America British- Gold in terms of furs, fish, tobacco, God- not intentionally set up for Religion, but eventually ended up that - Area of Settlement was Eastern United States
12. Roanoke Known as the “Lost Colony” British first attempt to Colonize that Failed All were killed by Natives or Disease
13. Jamestown Virginia (VA and Plymouth Stock Company Combined) Joint Stock Company- Investors that put money into colony in hope of quick return on their money May 24, 1607 100 English Settlers Found Jamestown (About 40 died on the Journey) Experienced Hardships due to not knowing how to farm the land, People wanting to make a quick buck, and not work hard, and also not having a true leader Also a bunch of English Mercants, men who were not used to hard work, just there for the Gold.
14. Tobacco Became huge Cash Crop in Jamestown. John Rolfe (married Pocahontas) perfected it and began to export it Powhatan Indians played a large role in colonists early survival Provided food Introduced colonists to forest Cultivation of corn and yams Clear timber Caused the need for New Colonist for labor - Head Right System where every colonist was given 50 Acres of land in colonies if they would move - Indentured Servants helped poorer British move to Jamestown to give them another chance. Master would pay for their journey in return for work for certain amount of time John Smith took a leadership role in Jamestown. Told Colonist if they didn’t work they didn’t eat
15. 1st Government House of Burgesses- Frist Representative assembly in Jamestown Model for Future Government. Voted on directly by the people. Included a Governor and elected council
16. 1st Sign of Rebellion Bacon’s Rebellion- a Virginia planter and wealthy aristocrat rallied forces to fight Native Americans on the Virginia frontier. When the Governor condemned these actions on the Governor. They actually burned Jamestown to the ground Bacon’s death ended the uprising but his uprising showed the Government set up were ordinary citizens have a voice This also lead Virginia to turn away from indentured servants and use slaves.
17. Plymouth England was in Religious uproar with Henry VIII breaking away from the Catholic Church Puritans- People who wanted to purify the Church Separatists- Group of Puritan dissenters who started separate churches - 102 Separatists set up a colony in America due to persecution in England Boarded the Mayflower in 1620 known as Pilgrims Mayflower Compact- agreed to form a simple gov’t where majority ruled and to obey gov’t laws
18. Native Relations Rough 1st winter, only 44 of 102 survived The natives did help the Colonists grow corn 1st Thanksgiving to say Thanks for bountiful Harvest. Squanto Native American who spoke English Assisted English colonists with: Interpreting What to plant How to cultivate Where to fish
19. New England Colonies Included Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire Puritans fled for Religious reasons Massachusetts Charter- 1629 got a royal charter to settle in New World John Winthrop- leader who instituted strict puritan policies “A City on a Hill” Colony was divinely inspired John Winthrop served as governor Government- ran by the church, strict laws, Fear of Hell, Other Religions were not tolerated Anne Hutchinson was a strong willed woman who used her home, was banished to Rhode Island, Roger Williams was also banished and moved to Rhode Island in 1635, Rhode Island was founded in 1636 Signed a Half-way Covenant which gave Children and Grandchildren of full members without a conversion experience membership in the church, they just didn’t have all voting rights of the Church. Was opposed by most Puritans because it didn’t have true conversion
20. New England Colonies Connecticut (1639) Puritan Colony that was flooded with Tourist New Hampshire (1680) Puritan Colony All of the New England Colonies relied heavily on Shipbuilding, trade and fishing to make money Farmed some, but were smaller Very high emphasis on education in New England colony to read the Bible. Two Colleges were formed here being Harvard and Yale
21. King Phillips War At first relations were good between Colonial Settlers and Native Americans A series of wars broke off over lands Native Americans had occupied for generations Finally a Native American leader “King Phillip” united Native Americans against. Did kill 2,000 settlers but was overall unsuccessful with King Phillips Death and Colonists gaining more control of New England
22. Salem Witch Trials In 1690’s group of young girls claimed to be bewitched by certain older women. A witch hunt followed that led to the execution of 20 innocent women Causes: Religious faith Population growth Role of women in Puritan society
23. Middle Colonies Pennsylvania, New York, Delaware, New Jersey New Amsterdam- eventually would end up New York attracted all types and races of people Things did get bad with neighbors for which a wall was erected in New Amsterdam, for which Wall Street is named IN 1664 the British Forces overthrew the Dutch and claimed New York Became a center for trade and business
24. Middle Colonies New Jersey (1702) Was taken as part of New Netherlands by the British from the Dutch Delaware (1704) Seized as well by the British Pennsyvania (1706) Established by Quaker William Penn -Quakers- Officially known as the Religious Society of Friends. Believed in Non-Violence and Resistance - Colony promoted equality of the sexes, and religious tolerance.
25. Southern Colonies Virginia, Maryland, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Georgia Virginia (1604) tobacco thrived here. Created greed for land which depleted the soil Maryland (1638) became a refuge for Persecuted English Catholics South Carolina- (1663) became a huge farming colony. Where we see the first need for Slaves. Rice was huge cash crop here North Carolina (1712) became a huge farming colony. Georgia (1773) Founded by James Oglethorpe philanthropists. Founded for 2 reasons 1) Buffer Zone 2) Debtors Colony
26. Colonial Politics Most early political customs were replicas of British System of Government All colonies had to obtain a Charter Proprietary Colony- a person was granted charters of ownership by the King (Maryland/ Pennsylvania/ Delaware) Royal Colony- Direct Rule by Monarch Corporate Colony- Run by Joint-Stock Company Most Governments were made up of Assemblies where representatives had power in the Colony.
27. Colonial Politics Town meetings is where all the voters in the town would congregate and go over issues. Governors- Ruled colonies but had limited power Voting- liberal qualifications if you were male Saw many people participate in gov’t meetings Were lower voter participation in rural areas Problem was that many of the colonies worked on there own,
28. Occupations of the Colonies Farmers- Heaviest in the South Fisherman- Heaviest in New England Artisans- specialized workers Merchants- Heavy in middle colonies Printers- Benjamin Frankling
29. Two Types of Crops Cash Crops- crop that is grown for sale Staple Crop- crop that is in constant demand ( cotton, wheat rice)
30. The Economics of the Colonies New England- Based on trade, Fish, Lumber, Ships Middle- Known as the Bread Colony due to high volume of Bread Exported/ Relied Heavily on Trade on Hudson River Upper South Colonies- Tobacco (Exported 1.5 Million pounds in 1630’s/ problem was needed slaves to work Lower South Colonies- Dependent on exporting goods from plantations, Rice was staple crop
31. Slavery in the Colonies More money being made allowed indentured servants to no last long enough So colonists turned to Slaves who would work for life Triangular Slave Trade- Europeans would go to Africa to pick up slaves, slaves would be transported to America, and then goods would be returned to Europe Middle Passage- Middle of trip from Africa to America. Very brutal for slaves were up to 20% died on the journey
32. Number of Slaves/ Treatment By 1700’s 400,000 slaves were in the colonies (350,000 lived in the South) Slaves were treated as inferior to others Slaves did bring many customs to America Slavery in GA/ SC was majority of population VA/ MD- Tobacco was labor intensive so they relied on Slaves Middle and New England Colonies- Slavery focused on Domestic issues
33. Individualism/ Social Mobility Many Europeans came to North America because of its Social Mobility or ability to change classes Believed in Indiviualism or ability to work hard, aplly themselves and achieve success Perfect example is Benjamin Franklin
34. Ben Franklin Was not born into upper class. Both parents worked hard and wanted him to pursue a career in ministry put parents couldn’t afford it Became an apprentice at age of 10, ran away to Philadelphia, and eventually ended up in England He returned to Philadelphia and started own printing house Became rich as inventor, writer and scientist Played a major role in struggle for independence. Author of Poor Richard’s Almanac which helped define American culture and separate it from Britian
35. The Great Awakening A religious movement featuring preaching from guys like Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield Wanted people to go back to the reason they had came to the colonies which was sincere Christian Commitment First true Revival in America Some feel it unified the country for the first time
36. Early British/ Colonial Policy Britain ignored the colonies. Distance allowed the colonies to become semi-autonomous. England was caught up in their Civil War and Reformation Mercantilism- Countries should export more out than they bring in Navigation Acts were passed against colonists which forbid them from trading with anyone but Britain (created tension) Also led to large smuggling. Salutary Neglect (Allowed Colonist to rule themselves) as long as they were exporting good, Britain didn’t care Also, saw a huge overcrowding in the colonies at this time as people began to live longer, and have more babies, which causes them to move West. This creates more tension with the Natives.