The Cold War 1945-1991

1. The Cold War 1945-1991 By Ms. Joseph

2. Cold War • Competition and tension between the US and USSR for power and influence in the world without any direct fighting • Competitions: • Politics – Democracy vs. Communism (Totalitarianism) • Economics – Capitalism vs. Communism or Mixed Economy vs. Command Economy • Technology • Arms Race (weapons & military) • Space Race • Influence among 3rd World Nations • Military Alliances – NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

3. “Weapons” of the Cold War • Threat of Nuclear Attack • Propaganda • Sending Economic and Military Aid to Weaker Nations

4. USA Democracy Freedom Capitalism Individualism USSR Totalitarianism Equality Socialism Collectivism Different Values USA rules, USSR drools We are the Best, better than The West

6. Roots of the Cold War • WWI • Russia gets out early, US entry helps win the war • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk • Russians lose 1/3 of their territory • Russian Revolution • U.S. doesn’t recognize Russian govt. until 1933 • West aids White Army • Treaty of Versailles • Russia not invited • Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia granted independence • WWII • Stalin signs Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact • Stalin pleas for help on eastern front denied • Russian losses at 29M, US only 400,000 • US refuses to give Russia nuclear technology • US drops bomb to avoid giving Russia more territory • WWII Agreements – Yalta and Potsdam

7. YALTA (in the USSR) Date: Feb 1945 Present: Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin

8. Yalta • Creation of United Nations • Division of Germany • Russian agree to help defeat Japan in exchange for land • Stalin agrees to free elections in occupied territories

9. POTSDAM (Germany) Date: July 1945 Present: Churchill, Truman and Stalin

10. Potsdam • Stalin has refused free elections, instead installed communist governments in occupied territories. • US has the A-bomb and are anxious to restrict Russia • Finalize agreement to divide Germany and Berlin

11. US Truman Doctrine Containment Marshall Plan NATO United Nations USSR Soviet Satellites – Iron Curtain Molotov Plan Warsaw Pact United Nations Cold War Foreign Policies

12. Truman Doctrine • CAUSE - Greece and Turkey threatened with communist takeovers • 1947 Truman promised that the USA “would support free peoples who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures”. • US Foreign Policy - provide money and military aid to nations resisting communist takeovers • Greece and Turkey, received $400M first and successfully defeated communism • Italy received $$ to secure upcoming elections. France received aid to prevent the advance of Communist trade unions • It signalled the end of “isolationst” policies.

13. Containment • Containment – US Foreign Policy to keep communism within its existing borders • Places were Containment Policy was used: • Greece • Turkey • South Korea • Berlin • Vietnam

14. Marshall Plan • Marshall Plan - money to help rebuild European economies after WWII • Purpose – Prevent spread of communism by eliminating the conditions that encourage communism • Catch -$ had to be spent on products made in the US • USSR - rejected the Marshall Plan thinking it was a plan to boost the US economy and make countries dependent on US

15. United Nations • Purpose - International Organization established after WWII to maintain international peace • Organization – 6 main groups • Security Council • resolves disputes, maintains peace and security • 15 members, 5 permanent • Russia, China, US, France, Great Britain • General Assembly • Representatives from all member nations • Makes policies • Secretariat – executive and administrative duties • Economic and Social Council – provides economic assistance and programs to 3rd world nations • International Council – oversees transition to colonial rule • World Court – resolves international disputes, war crimes

16. United Nations • Problems - Between 1945-1949 US and USSR vetoed each other initiatives. Many were concerned that the UN might become another LON • 1950 – USSR boycotted UN over failure to recognize Communist China • enabled the US to take action in Korea • UN resolution to sends troops to aid South Korea against a North Korean invasion ensured that the UN could send troops to resolve international disputes

17. Iron Curtain • “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the continent” -Winton Churchill • Soviet Satellites - Soviet controlled countries in Eastern Europe (aka countries behind the iron curtain) • Purpose – protect USSR from invasion from the West

18. Molotov Plan • USSRs plan to counter the MarshallPlan a.k.a COMCON • Eastern European countries under Soviet influence received some aid

19. Soviet Union Tests Bomb • 1949 Soviets Test first Atomic Bomb • US and West react with fear and despair • Arms Race Begins

20. NATO Military Alliance between the US and western Europe An attack against one nation would be considered an attack against all Warsaw Pact Military Alliance between the USSR and Eastern Europe Pledge to defend one another in the event of an attack NATO and Warsaw Pact

22. Cold War Events Tension and Conflict • Berlin • Airlift • Wall • U2 Spy Plane • Cuba • Korea • Vietnam

23. Divided Germany • Germany had been divided into 4 sectors after WWII • Allies remain in these territories and implement their own economies/political systems • Allies had different goals for Germany • USSR - prevent Germany from becoming too strong again • Western Allies - make Germany economically strong to avoid Communism

24. Iron Curtain – A term used by Winston Churchill to describe the separating of Those communist lands of East Europe from the West. Divided Germany

25. Divided Berlin Improve your knowledge • The Russians took very high casualties to capture Berlin in May 1945. They spent the early occupation trying to take over all zones of the city but were stopped by German democrats such as Willy Brandt and Konrad Adenauer. Reluctantly the Russians had to admit the Americans, French and British to their respective zones.

26. Berlin Blockade • CAUSES • Western Allies attempt to unite the Western Sectors of Germany and Berlin and form an independent West Germany with a common currency • Stalin responds with attempt to take over all of Berlin • Berlin Blockade – 1948 Stalin tries to starve the city to force the west out of West Berlin • USSR cut off all ground access to Berlin, leaving 2M West Berliners without food, electricity and fuel

27. Berlin Blockade • You are President Truman…What would you have done to save West Berlin? • What are the pros and cons to each alternative?

28. Truman’s Choices • Use military force to gain ground access to West Berlin • Give up West Berlin to Soviets • Is there another? • Airlift Food and Supplies

29. Berlin Airlift • Purpose – to prevent the takeover of West Berlin by the USSR • US sent 2M tons of supplies to West Berlin on Cargo Plans • Plans landed 24hrs/day to keep west Berliners from starving

30. Operation “Little Vittles” • US pilots drop candy to the children of West Berlin using parachutes made of handkerchiefs

31. Extended Thinking What did the Berlin Airlift do for the relationship between the U.S. and German people? What did the Berlin Airlift do for Stalin? In what ways did President Truman’s airlift support the policy of containment? As you view the film, make note of the end result of the airlift? What happened to the west and east sectors of Germany?

32. Berlin Airlift

33. Effects of Berlin Blockade • Success for Containment • Germany became 2 countries – East and West Germany • Berlin became permanently divided • US – appeared as friend rather than foe to West German’s • USSR/Stalin - appeared oppressive and brutal

34. U2 Spy Plane Incident • May 1, 1960 • US U-2 spy plane shot down over the Soviet Union. • Khrushchev demanded an apology - Eisenhower refused. • Pilot Gary Powers - Convicted of espionage and sentenced to 3 years imprisonment and 7 years of hard labor. • Served 1 year 9 months and 9 days before being traded for the Soviet spy Colonel Rudolph Ivanovich Abel. • Effect- Created further mistrust between US and USSR

35. Berlin Wall

36. Berlin Wall • Constructed in 1961 • Purpose - keep East Berliners from defecting to West Berlin • Effects – East Berliners separated from families and jobs, exodus ended

37. Cuba • Cuban Revolution – 1956 • Castro overthrows President Batista • Establishes Communist Government in Cuba • Nationalizes all industries • Many owned by U.S. citizens

38. US Response to Cuban Revolution • Bay of Pigs Invasion • CIA plan to Overthrow Castro • Sent Cuban Exiles to invade Cuba • Kennedy cancelled US air support • Invasion Failed • Operation Mongoose • CIA plan to assassinate Castro and interrupt Cuban Trade

39. Cuban Missile Crisis • Cuban reaction to US attempts to overthrow Castro • Turn to USSR for Help • Soviets begin building nuclear weapon sites in Cuba • October 1962 – US U2 Spy Plane Photographs Missile launch sites under construction in Cuba

40. Missile Range • Missiles could reach • Missiles could reach • every major city in US • (except Seattle) within • minutes of launch

41. Cuban Missile CrisisOct 16-28, 1962 • Causes • Reaction to US attempts to invade Cuba and overthrow Fidel Castro • Reaction to US missiles placed in Turkey Khrushchev Kennedy

42. Kennedy SpeechCuban Missile Crisis

43. Cuban Missile Crisis • Potential Options Discussed by ExComm (Sec. of State, Sec. of Defense, Joint Chiefs of Staff, National Security Advisor, CIA Director, Vice President, UN Ambassador) • Ignore the Missiles • Airstrikes to take out Missiles • Airstrikes followed by US invasion • Diplomacy • Naval Blockade of Cuba

45. Cuban Missile Crisis • Naval Blockade – option chosen by Kennedy • Demonstrated US willingness to take action • Gave Khrushchev time to consider the gravity of the situation • US Response • Americans left population centers • US military on full alert • Soviet Response • Send ships toward Cuba • Eventually honor the blockade

46. CMC Final Agreement • Public: • USSR agrees to withdraw Missiles • US wont invade Cuba • Private • Kennedy agreed to remove Missiles in Turkey

47. Stalin (1922-1953) Khrushchev (1953 – 1964) Brezhnev (1964 – 1982) Soviet Leadership - Cold War

48. Stalin • Stalin (1922-1953) • Great Purge (1936-1938) • Political Rivals sent to gulags or purged • 5 year Plan (1928) • focus on heavy industrial products • Few consumer goods made • Focus on quantity vs. quality • Collectivization(1928) • Peasants forced to work on group farms • Military spending high – 1st A-bomb (1949), 1st H-bomb (1952)

49. Khrushchev • Khrushchev (1953 – 1964) • De-Stalinization (1953) • Denounced Stalin’s brutal policies • Improved standard of living • More freedoms • Continued Collectivization and 5 year plans • U2 Spy Plane incident 1960 • Peaceful Co-existence with West (1961) • Continued Massive Military Buildup • Sputnik – 1st Satellite in space = ICBMs capable of reaching US (1957) • Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) + Weakened Economy = Removed from Office (1964)

50. Brezhnev • 1964 – 1982 • Reversed Khrushchev’s de-Stalinization policies (1964) • Brezhnev Doctrine – no country • could leave the Warsaw Pact (1968) • Détente (1972) – policy to “relax” relations with the US • SALT (1972)– limited the number of nuclear warheads and missiles that each country could maintain • Invasion of Afghanistan (1979) ended détente • Drained national treasury, unpopular