Intelligence theory and testing Lecture overview

1. Intelligence theory and testingLecture overview • Finish theories of intelligence • History context of intelligence tests • Examples of intelligence tests • Bias and intelligence testing • Summary

2. Louis Thurston7 Primary Mental Abilities 1. Verbal Comprehension 2. Word fluency 3. Number 4. Space 5. Associative Memory 6. Perceptual Speed 7. Reasoning

3. Raymond B. CattellFluid & Crystallized Intelligences • Factor analytic model • Fluid intelligence – primary reasoning ability • Tests that are non-verbal tests, culture free, and independent of instruction • Crystallized intelligence – factual knowledge • mazes, memory tests, matrices

4. Raven Matrices Test • Which piece is missing? • Tests non-verbal reasoning

5. Verbal Analogy Problems • SOON is to NEVER as NEAR is to • NOT FAR • SELDOM • NOWHERE • WIDELY

6. Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences • Linguistic • Musical • Logical-mathematical • Naturalist • Spatial • Bodily-kinesthetic • Intrapersonal • Interpersonal

7. Alfred Binet • French psychologist • In 1905 Binet and Theodore Simon produced the Binet-Simon Scale • The first intelligence test. • Developed the test in 1904 for the Ministry of Public Education in Paris • To identify primary school children whose lack of success in normal classrooms suggested the need for some form of special education

8. Lewis Terman • Refined the Binet-Simon Intelligence Test • Developed the Stanford-Binet • Ripe-Early Rot Myth & Terman’s Termintes

9. William Stern • German psychologist • Studied children's scores on Binet’s test • Developed the idea of the Intelligence quotient in 1912 IQ= Mental Age X 100 Chronological Age

10. Robert Yerkes • Introduced intelligence testing to the military • Alpha test • Beta test • Following group testing in World War I, a flood of tests which imitated the army tests were initiated. • After the war, industry, business, and education saw the potential value of psychological testing

11. David Wechler • American Psychologist • Worked at Bellevue Hospital in NY City • Developed an IQ test for adults • WAIS • Developed a scale for children • WISC • Developed a scale for Preschool and Primary School children • WPPSI

12. Verbal Information Comprehension Arithmetic Similarities Digit span Vocabulary Performance Digit symbol Picture completion Block design Picture arrangement Object assembly WAIS – III Subscales

13. StandardDeviation -4 to -3 -3 to -2 -2 to -1 -1 to 0 0 to +1 +1 to +2 +2 to +3 +3 to +4  IQ  40 to 55 55 to 70 70 to 85 85 to 100 100 to 115 115 to 130 130 to 145 145 to 160  Percent of Population  0.13% 2.14% 13.59% 34.13% 34.13% 13.59% 2.14% 0.13%  Percent of Population 2.27% in the Mentally Impaired Range 13.59% Borderline 68.26% in the Average range 13.59% High Average 2.27% in the "Gifted" range The distribution of IQ scores in the general population

14. Bias in intelligence testing

15. Bias in intelligence testing Potential for: • Cultural biases • Test items • Normative biases • Testing situations

16. Summary • Individual differences is a cornerstone of modern psychology • Intelligence is an important example of individual differences • The major players in the development of intelligence testing and knowledge used: • Pragmatic need for testing; and • Factor analysis • - The major players can be divided into: • Those who believe in one intelligence • Those who believe in multiple intelligences