Nomenclature of Acids and Organic Functional groups

Nomenclature of Acids and Organic Functional groups

Nomenclature of Acids • Bianary Acids – compounds of H+ and a non-metal • Use the prefix hydro and suffix –ic and add acid Example: HCl – hydrochloricacid HBr – hydrobromic acid

Oxoacids • Contain H and O and another element • No prefix hydro • For ions ending in ate add the suffix –ic and the word acid Example: H2SO4 – (sulfate ion) sulfuricacid HNO3 – (nitrate ion) nitricacid HClO3 – (chlorate ion) choricacid

Oxoacids • For ions ending in ite add the suffix –ous and acid Examples: H2SO3 – (sulfite ion) sulfurousacid HNO2 – nitrousacid HClO2 – chlorousacid

Oxoacids • For acids with one less oxygen than the –ite ion use the prefix hypo • For acids with one more oxygen than the –ate ion use the prefix per Example ClO2 is chlorite, so ClO is hypochlorite ClO3 is chlorate, so ClO4 is perchlorate

Oxoacids • HClO is called? • Hypochorous acid • HClO4 is called? • Perchloric acid • H3PO4 is called? • Phosporic acid

Summary of Oxoacids Anion Acid Name ClO- (hypochlorite) hypochlorous acid ClO2 - (chlorite) chlorous acid ClO3 - (chlorate) chloric acid ClO4 - (perchlorate) perchloric acid

Origin of organic compounds • Naturally occurring organic compounds are found in plants, animals, and fossil fuels • All of these have a plant origin • Synthetic organic compounds are derived from fossil fuels or plant material

Functional groups • Functional groups are parts of molecules that result in characteristic features • About 100 functional groups exist, we will focus on 10 • Useful to group the infinite number of possible organic compounds **You will need to memorize the family name and associated general structure

The functional groups determine if a molecule is soluble in water • Hydrocarbons are only slightly polar and tend to be insoluble in water • These include alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic compounds • Molecules with polar functional groups tend to be soluble in water • These include alcohols, carboxylic acids, amines, and amides

Distillation petroleum is refined by boil the crude oil and condensing the vapors between temperature ranges The liquid collected at each range is called a fraction and the process is called fractional distillation

Carbon forms four bonds • Carbon can form four bonds, and forms strong covalent bonds with other elements • This can be represented in many ways …

C C C C C C Hydrocarbons Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Aromatics

Monkeys Eat Peeled Bananas Mnemonic for first four prefixes First four prefixes • Meth- • Eth- • Prop- • But-

Other prefixes • Pent- ? Decade Decimal Decathalon • Oct- • Dec- • Hex-, Hept-, Non-

Basic names of hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon names are based on: 1) class; -ane, -ene, or –yne or other Functional group 2) # of C, 1 meth- 2 eth- 3 prop- 4 but- 5 pent- 6 hex- 7 hept- 8 oct- 9 non- 10 dec-

Name these compounds 7C, 9C alkane 2C, 4C alkyne 1C, 3C alkene heptane, nonane ethyne, butyne does not exist, propene

Nomenclature of Acids and Organic Functional groups