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Blood, Heart, Blood vessels, Uric acid, DIabetes
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Circulatory System • The system of body which helps to transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, excretory products, metabolic products, hormones and other substances from one part of body to another part is called circulatory system. • Three components: Blood, Heart and Blood vessels • Blood: Liquid connective tissue • Nearly 8% of total body weight • Male: 5-6 liter, Female: 4-5 liter • Ph: 7.4 • Consists of plasma and blood cells
Water Plasma proteins
RED BLOODCELLS • Biconcave shape • Nonuclei at maturity • Spongy cytoplasm enclosed in an elastic cell membrane • Red pigment calledhaemoglobin • Are made by the red bone marrow of certain bones in the skeleton: ribs, vertebrae and breastbone • 4 month life span • Destroyed in spleen and liver
Haemoglobin(Hb) • Hb + O₂ oxyhaemoglobin (OHb) • In places where the O₂ concentration is low, OHb breaks down and releasesitsO₂. Where?? • Oxygenated blood : contains mainlyOHb. • Deoxygenated blood : with littleOHb. • Anemia
WBC (Leucocytes) • Larger than redcells • They havenuclei • They are made in the bone marrow • Life span of 120 days
WBC (Phagocytes) • They collect at the site of an infection, engulfing (ingesting) and digesting harmful bacteria. They prevent the spread of infection through thebody.
Platelets (Thrombocytes) • Platelets are a component of blood whose function (along with the coagulation factors) is to react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by clumping, thereby initiating a blood clot. • Platelets have no cell nucleus • They are the fragments of cytoplasm that are derived from the megakaryocytesof the bone marrow, which then enter the circulation
PLATELETS They help to clot theblood
DEFENCE AGAINST INFECTIONS • WHITECELLS: • Phagocytes: - at the sites of awound • in the bloodcapillaries • in lymphnodes • ingest harmful bacteria and stop them entering the generalcirculation • Lymphocytes:Production of antibodies
CLOTTING • When tissue is damaged and blood vesselscut • Platelets clump together and block the smallercapillaries. • Fibrinogen fibrin (network of fibres across thewound) • Red cells become trapped in this network and form a blood clot. • ↓ entry of harmfulbacteria prevents • further loss of blood
HumanHeart • 4 chambers: • 2 atria(thin-walled) • 2 ventricles (thick-walled) • Veins: deoxygenated blood except pulmonaryvein • Arteries: Oxygenated blood except pulmonaryartery • Valves: They stop blood flowingbackwards. • Coronary arteries: They supply the heart muscle with food andoxygen.
Heart Anatomy • The heart is a muscular pump with four chambers and an equal number of valves. • The two chambers at the top of the heart are known as the atria, a right and a left. • The two bottom chambers are the ventricles. • The atria receive blood that returns from the different parts of the body • the ventricles pump that blood back to all body tissues. • Valves that separate the atria from the ventricles are called the atrio-ventricular valves. There are two: the tricuspid on the right and the mitral on the left. • Valves at the ventricular outlets are called semi-lunar valves. The two semi-lunar valves are the pulmonary and the aortic
Heart Anatomy • The heart wall consists of three layers: the outer epicardium, the middle myocardium, and the inner endocardium. • The epicardium and endocardium are thin layers. • The myocardium forms the main bulk of the heart and is made up of cardiac muscle fibers. • The outermost layer that surrounds the entire heart is called the pericardium. There is presence of pericardial fluid which protects heart from mechanical injury or sudden shock. • Vessels that carry blood away from the heart to the body are called arteries, while those that bring it back are called veins. • The largest artery is named the aorta. It arises from the left ventricle.
HEARTBEAT • Heart rate, also known as pulse, is the number of times a person's heart beats per minute. • At rest: normal heart rate, 50-100 beats per minutes. • During exercise: 200beats/min • The heart beat is initiated by the pacemaker, a small group of specialized muscles cells at the top of the rightatrium. • Blood pressure is the pressure of circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. • The normal blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg. It means the systolic pressure is 120 mm Hg and the diastolic pressure is 80 mm Hg. • Blood pressure is measured by Sphygmomanometer.
Cardiac Cycle • The cardiac cycle is defined as a sequence of alternating contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles in order to pump blood throughout the body • Each cardiac cycle has a diastolic phase and systolic phase. • Diastole: the heart chamber is in a state of relaxation and fills with blood that receives from the veins and • Systole: the heart chambers are contracting and pumps the blood towards the periphery via the arteries. • Both the atria and the ventricles undergo alternating states of systole and diastole. • In other words, when the atria are in diastole, the ventricles are in systole and vice versa.
Diabetes (Blood Sugar Level) A disease in which the body’s ability to produce or respond to the hormone insulin is impaired, resulting in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and elevated levels of glucose in the blood. Diabetes is a chronic, metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose (or blood sugar), which leads over time to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves
Weight gain Hereditary Junk >35 yrs No exercise
Uric Acid • Uric acid is a heterocyclic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen with the formula C₅H₄N₄O. • Uric acid is a chemical created when the body breaks down substances called Purines. Purines are normally produced in the body and are also found in some foods and drinks. Foods with high content of Purines include liver, anchovies, mackerel, dried beans and peas, and beer. • A waste product left over from normal chemical processes in the body and found in the urine and blood. • Abnormal buildup of uric acid in the body may cause a condition called gout. • Increased levels of uric acid in the blood and urine can be a side effect of chemotherapy or radiation therapy. • Most of the time, a high uric acid level occurs when your kidneys don't eliminate uric acid efficiently. Things that may cause this slow-down in the removal of uric acid include rich foods, being overweight, having diabetes, taking certain diuretics (sometimes called water pills) and drinking too much alcohol. Other less common causes are a diet high in purine-containing items or your body producing too much uric acid.
Causes • Uric acid in blood plasma above normal range = Hyperuricemia • Uric acid in blood plasma below normal range = Hypouricemia • Causes of Hyperuricemia: • Diuretics (water retention relievers) • Drinking too much alcohol • High fructose corn syrup or table sugar • Purines-rich diet — liver, game meat, anchovies, sardines, gravy, dried beans and peas, mushrooms, and other foods • Renal insufficiency (caused by rapid release of cells into blood caused by certain cancers or by chemotherapy for those cancers) • Control: • Drinking a lot of water • Consuming baking soda • Consuming cherries (control burning pains) • Avoid red meat, dry pea, bean, gram, sea food
Effects of High Uric Acid Symptom: Night time attack of swelling, tenderness, redness and sharp pain in our big toes. It causes arthritis. (Sudden burning pain, stiffness and swelling in joints) (Reduced kidney excretion)
