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Finding Equitable Convex Partitions of Points and Applications

Finding Equitable Convex Partitions of Points and Applications Benjamin Armbruster, John Gunnar Carlsson, Yinyu Ye Research supported by Boeing and NSF; we also like to thank Arroyo, Ge, Mattikalli, Mitchell, and So for providing us valuable references and comments. Problem Statement

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Finding Equitable Convex Partitions of Points and Applications

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  1. Finding Equitable Convex Partitions of Points and Applications Benjamin Armbruster, John Gunnar Carlsson, Yinyu Ye Research supported by Boeing and NSF; we also like to thank Arroyo, Ge, Mattikalli, Mitchell, and So for providing us valuable references and comments.

  2. Problem Statement n points are scattered inside a convex polygon P (in 2D) with m vertices. Does there exist a partition of P into n sub-regions satisfying the following: • Each sub-region is convex • Each sub-region contains one point • All sub-regions have equal area

  3. Related Problem: Voronoi Diagram In the Voronoi Diagram, we satisfy the first two properties (each sub-region is convex and contains one point), but the sub-regions have different areas.

  4. Our Result Not only such an equitable partition always exists, but also we can find it exactly in running time O(Nn log N), where N = m + n.

  5. USA Example

  6. USA Example

  7. USA Example

  8. Motivation: Client/Server Network This problem has applications in heuristic methods for what we call the Broadcast Network class of problems, in which we connect a set of clients to a set of servers, using a fixed underlying network topology. Example: Multi-Depot Vehicle Routing Problem (MDVRP). Definition: A set of vehicles located at depots in the plane must visit a set of customers such that the maximum TSP cost is minimized (min-max MDVRP).

  9. Minimum Spanning Forest Definition: Find the spanning forest of a node set with fixed roots for which the maximum tree length is minimized.

  10. Why Equal Area? • A well-known combinatorial result, says that the length of an optimal TSP tour in a service region with uniformly distributed points depends only on the area of the region, asymptotically speaking. • Moreover, the locations of clients are changing • The same can be said of an MST.

  11. Why Equal Area? Using the result, we obtain an asymptotically optimal solution for min-max MDVRP with the following algorithm: • Create an equal-area partition containing one depot in each sub-region. • Solve a TSP problem in each subregion, visiting all clients plus the depot. Asymptotically speaking, the load on each vehicle will be equal A similar result holds for the MSF variant

  12. Why Convexity? • Ensures that any route between two points is self-contained in the sub-region • Substructures have no overlap • Client can be reached by straight line from the sever

  13. Why Fast Algorithm? • Servers may not be stationary either • Region of interested is changing and reshaping Thus, need to do repartition in real time

  14. Previous Work: Ham Sandwich Theorem “The volumes of any n solids of dimension n can always be simultaneously bisected by an (n – 1) dimensional hyperplane” [Steinhaus 1938] Corollary of Borsuk-Ulam theorem (1933): “any continuous function from an n-sphere into Rn maps some pair of antipodal points to the same point”

  15. Previous Work: Discrete Set Partition [Bespamyatnikh, Kirkpatrick, Snoeyink 2000] and [Ito, Uehara, Yokoyama 1998] address a similar problem: “Given gn red points and gm blue points in the plane in general position, find a subdivision of the plane into g disjoint convex polygons, each of which contains n red points and m blue points.” We can find an approximate solution to our original problem by filling our original polygon uniformly with (for example) red points. This would give a proof of existence but a poor approximation algorithm.

  16. Tool: Intermediate Value Theorem “If we can find a half-space satisfying property X that cuts off too much area (too many points) and another half-space satisfying property X that cuts off too little area (too few points), then there exists a half-space satisfying property X that cuts off the correct area (correct number of points)” e.g. Property X: “half-space must cut off point p”

  17. The Algorithm: Divide-and-Conquer Uses a “divide-and-conquer” approach, dividing the initial region into smaller regions At each iteration, we have, for all subregions Ri, Rj

  18. Divide-and-Conquer Uses a “divide-and-conquer” approach, dividing the initial region into smaller regions At each iteration, we have, for all subregions Ri, Rj

  19. Divide-and-Conquer Uses a “divide-and-conquer” approach, dividing the initial region into smaller regions At each iteration, we have, for all subregions Ri, Rj

  20. Divide-and-Conquer Uses a “divide-and-conquer” approach, dividing the initial region into smaller regions At each iteration, we have, for all subregions Ri, Rj

  21. Divide-and-Conquer Uses a “divide-and-conquer” approach, dividing the initial region into smaller regions At each iteration, we have, for all subregions Ri, Rj

  22. Divide-and-Conquer Uses a “divide-and-conquer” approach, dividing the initial region into smaller regions At each iteration, we have, for all subregions Ri, Rj

  23. Definition: Convex Equitable 2- and 3-Partitions Claim: A convex equitable 2- or 3-partition always exists We then perform this recursively

  24. Helper Lemma 1: Ham Sandwich If n is even, we can construct a Ham Sandwich Cut, i.e. a 2-partition that cuts the point set and the polygon in half: [n/2,n/2] 2-partition Odd extension: If n = 2q + 1 and R contains q points, then if R is too small we can construct a [q,q+1] 2-partition

  25. Helper Lemma 2: One-point cut If we can cut off exactly one point with a region that is too small, then we can construct an equitable 2-partition. Two cases:

  26. Helper Lemma 2: One-point cut, case 1 If we can cut off exactly one point with a region that is too small, then we can construct an equitable [1,n-1] 2-partition.

  27. Helper Lemma 2: One-cut, case 2 If we can cut off exactly one point with a region that is too small, then we can construct an equitable 2-partition.

  28. Region Partition Algorithm • If n even, compute a ham-sandwich cut by Helper Lemma 1 • If n odd, • try to use Helper Lemma 1 for a ham-sandwich cut; • If this fails, try to use Helper Lemma 2 for a 2-partition; • If all these fail, build a 3-partition.

  29. Building a 3-partition

  30. Building a 3-partition

  31. Building a 3-partition

  32. 3-partition: Three cases

  33. Case 1

  34. Case 2

  35. Case 3

  36. Torture tests (MATLAB examples)

  37. Extensions • Nonuniform density μ • Polyhedra (in 3-D) • Non-convex regions

  38. Future Work • 3-dimensional partitioning • Theorem says that three sets (e.g. one polyhedron, two point sets) can be simultaneously partitioned in a polygon • Diameter-constrained bicriteria partition • Avoid skinny subregions

  39. Final Note: Region Based (previously adapted) 58 vehicle-tours, total 5580 miles

  40. Final Note: Equitable-”Area” Based32 vehicle-tours, total 4345 miles

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