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The Nucleus

The Nucleus. By Meredith Derecho, Elizabeth Eyermann , and Hannah Woolf. Source 3. Key Facts About Nuclei. “The nucleus is the genetic control center of a eukaryotic cell” (Source 5) Only eukaryotic cells have a nucleus—prokaryotic cells do not. Source 5.

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The Nucleus

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  1. The Nucleus By Meredith Derecho, Elizabeth Eyermann, and Hannah Woolf Source 3

  2. Key Facts About Nuclei • “The nucleus is the genetic control center of a eukaryotic cell” (Source 5) • Only eukaryotic cells have a nucleus—prokaryotic cells do not Source 5 • The word “nucleus” comes from the Latin word “nucula” meaning “little nut” (Source 6) • Some eukaryotic cells have multiple nuclei or none at all • The nucleus is near the center of the cell, and it takes up about 10% of a cell’s mass

  3. Structure of the Nucleus The nucleus has three main components: The Nuclear Envelope The Chromatin The Nucleolus Source 4

  4. The Nuclear Envelope • Double membrane structure made of phospholipids • Nuclear pores control the flow of materials • They allow building blocks of RNA and DNA molecules and energy sources to enter the nucleus Source 2 • Space between the layers is called the perinuclear space • This space connects with the rough endoplasmic reticulum • The inner layer of the double membrane, the nuclear lamina, is made of protein • The entire nuclear envelope disintegrates during mitosis and reforms as the new cells are created

  5. Chromatin and Chromosomes • Chromatin is made up of strings of DNA and histones • The strands come together to form chromosomes during mitosis • Heterochromatin and euchromatin are two classifications of chromatin • Heterochromatin is more condensed while euchromatin is delicate and less tightly packed • The six feet of DNA within the cell are stored as chromatin Source 7 An artist’s depiction of chromatin!

  6. The Nucleolus • The nucleolus is spherical, dense, and located in the middle of the nucleus • It produces ribosomal subunits, thus indirectly helping to synthesize proteins • GEMs (gemini of coiled bodies) are made by the nucleolus • Interchromatin granule clusters are also made by the nucleolus • It is visible when the cell is not being divided • The nucleolus may affect the senescence, or aging, of an organism Source 5 For more information about the nucleolus, see Josh, Callie, and Garrett’s project

  7. Major Functions of the Nucleus 1. Gene expression 2. Managing cellular reproduction Source 8

  8. DNA, RNA, and Gene Expression The Nucleus: Stores and regulates the DNA Uses transcription DNA to make the mRNA Processes the pre-mRNA through post-transcriptional modification Exports the mRNA to the ribosomes, where the mRNA becomes protein • Consequently, controlling gene expression allows the nucleus to manage cellular activities such as: • Intermediary metabolism • Protein synthesis • Growth • Cell compartmentalization • Mitosis • Nuclear transport Source 11 Source 12 DNA RNA

  9. The Nucleus’s Role in Cellular Reproduction • Mitosis is the process of cells dividing to create new cells • The nucleus must replicate all the cell’s genomic DNA • The DNA divides into two identical sets for mitosis to occur • The nucleus splits and forms two nuclei around each new set of DNA • That allows the cell to divide into two new identical cells The process of mitosis: Source 13

  10. 1. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/cell-nucleus-structure-and-functions.html Works Cited: Thanks to all our sources! 2. http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/animals/nucleus.html 3. http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/onlinebio/ 4. http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/nucleus/nucleus.html 5. http://library.thinkquest.org/ 6. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=nucleus Thanks for watching our slideshow about the nucleus!  7. http://www.philipp-diesinger.de 8. glogster.com 9. ibiblio.org/virtualcell/textbook/chapter3/nucf.htm 10. micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/nucleus/nucleus.html 11. http://www.ichromatography.com 12. http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-1449081.html 13. http://allstrangledup.wordpress.com/ 14. Our lovely textbook! Campbell, et al. Biology: Concepts and Connections.

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