Early Societies and Early Exploration

1. Early Societies and Early Exploration Test Review

2. Why and how did Native American tribes form different types of societies? Native Americans built tribes based on food availability, housing and shelter, protection, and education and culture

3. What is the difference between a society and a civilization? Society vs. Civilization • A group of people with common interests, customs, and ways of life • Complex societies in which people share important characteristics such as language, religion, art, dress, and political structure A civilization is a larger, more complex society through which inhabitants develop education and organized culture.

4. What are the benefits of large, more complex societies? • Build bigger cities • Cultivate larger farms • Store extra food • Form immense armies

5. What are some possible reasons large societies disappeared or were destroyed? • Catastrophic weather • Disease • Warfare • Widespread famine • Internal political revolt

6. What were some Incan accomplishments? • Accurate calendar • Early clock • System of paved roads Why would these accomplishments made the Inca still important today? All of these accomplishments led to further advancements in education and technology.

7. Why is the Aztec still an important civilization to our existence today? The Aztec created a unified population with central government, using military alliances and warfare to control neighboring societies, enforced laws and collected taxed after conquering neighbors. The Aztec form of government and military control has led future societies in centralized government and widespread control.

8. What is the role of religion in the societies and civilizations of ancient Americas? • Native Americans – gods of sun, moon, sky, crops, rivers, animals • Aztec – feared Cortes was a god; showered him with gifts Many ancient civilization, including those in Europe, Africa, and the Americas rely on religious beliefs to guide culture, government, and other aspects of life.

9. How did slavery exist in Africa and ancient American civilizations before becoming what it was in the United States? Africans conquered smaller local tribes and enslaved enemies to: • Gain large population • Deplete rival’s military strength • Trade for crops, weapons, gold, and other resources

10. What events changed Europe before nations began exploring the Americas? • Hundred Years War • Great Famine • Black Death • Reformation • Renaissance • Printing press

11. How do you think these events led to worldwide exploration? Tragedy stripped nations of people and money so Europeans were looking for ways to build the economy. The Renaissance opened doors to new possibilities. Eventually, the Reformation made people want a land for religious freedom… but we’ll get there.

12. What nation originally led the race to colonize the Americas? Spain.

13. What explorers sailed Spain and what accomplishments did they produce? • Hernando Cortes – conquered Aztecs; won Mexico • Christopher Columbus – found Caribbean Islands • Ferdinand Magellan – sailed around tip of S. America • Francisco Pizzaro – conquered Inca; won Peru • Cabeza de Vaca – searched for city of gold • Vazquez de Coronado – searched forcity of gold • Hernando de Soto – searched for city of gold • Rodriguez Cabrillo – searched for city of gold

14. Why did Spain have conflict with other European nations as all nations expanded their explorations? What were these conflicts – how did they com about, who won, and what were the effects? Territory and religion. Spain felt it had rights to new lands and wanted to spread Catholicism over Protestantism.

15. Treaty of Tordesillas – Spain thought it had claim to all new lands west of this line agreed upon by Spain and Portugal. • Spanish Armada – Spain, frustrated by English piracy, attacked England and lost. Small English ships zipped around Spanish fleet and drove them off. • St. Augustine – Spanish unit attacked French colony and slaughtered colonists.

16. What were the goals of European exploration? • Spread Christianity. • Expand empires. • Become richer. • Missionaries • War • Trade How did countries bring them about?

17. How did the Spanish succeed in conquering native nations in South and Central America? • Spanish weakened Aztec and Inca empires by making alliances with enemies. • Spread of European diseases killed millions of Native Americans. • Spanish acted brutally toward the Native Americans under their control.

18. Describe the structure of this empire, including government, infrastructure, hierarchy, and labor and economic systems.

19. Spanish Government • Viceroyalty – a colony ruled according to the mother country’s rules and laws; ruled by a viceroy, a ruler acting in the king’s or queen’s name

20. Spanish Infrastructure • Roads stretched outward from Mexico city and Lima • Quick and easy access to other areas for soldiers • Improved economy; goods could be transported efficiently

21. Spanish Hierarchy Spanish- born colonists Creoles – people of Spanish descent born in the colonies Mestizos – people of mixed Spanish and Native American descent Native Americans and enslaved Africans

22. Spanish Labor and Economic Systems • Encomiendas – Native Americans work to pay tribute to conquerors • Haciendas – farms where encomiendas were worked off • Plantations – farms for cash crops; encomiendas could be worked off here or there may be slaves or hired help • Goods exported to earn money for the colonies or for the crown

23. What was the influence of the Church throughout exploration, inlcuding the structure goals, and products of missions? • Mission – settlement that included a church, a town, and farmlands

24. Goals of Missions • To convert Native Americans to Christianity • To civilize Native Americans to Spanish customs • To increase Spanish control over land • Created better food supply • Protect Native Americans from enemies • Educated native Americans (read and write) • Taught skills, such as carpentry and metalworking Products of Missions

25. What was Las Casas’ moral dilemma while teaching the colonies? What did he do to address this problem? • How can a person serve God and enslave Native Americans at the same time? • He fought for the better treatment of Native Americans and became known as the “Protector of the Indians.”

26. What were the positive and negative effects of the Columbian Exchange? • Positive: • Many crops and animals thrived in America • American crops became staples of European diet • Blended goods and culture made the world a closer international community • Negative:Disease • Native Americans did not have time to build immunity • Wiped out communities and geographic areas • Smallpox, measles, and influenza were especially deadly

27. What are the problems with using Native Americans as slaves in the Americas? • Died from overwork and disease • Rebelled with help of locals

28. Why were Africans a better solution for slavery? • Immune to most European diseases • Had no friends or family in the Americas to help them resist or escape enslavement • Provided a permanent source of cheap labor; children, too, could be held on bond

29. How did the slave trade work? • African kings capture inland Africans • Kings traded captured Africans for goods • Europeans brought slaves to Americas and sold them to plantation owners • Trade strengthened coastal African tribes and weakened inland ones, perpetuating the slave trade

30. What were the conditions like on the Middle Passage? • Cramped spaces – slaves did not have personal space or even their own bed • Smells – no bathrooms or bathing; buckets stood for toilets and they often sat or slept in their own excrement • Disease – many slaves died during the trip from various diseases; the unclean conditions bred germs • Suicide – some jumped off ships to get any kind of freedom

31. What were the effects of slavery and racism? • Europeans associated slavery with black Africans, and thus thought of dark-skinned people as inferior • Slavery was part of the Columbian Exchange as African slaves brought culture to America • Africans brought knowledge of farming and livestock • Americans took crops to Africa

32. How did Africans develop a cultural identity in the Americas? • African Heritage • Mix of African tribes added depth to African American culture • Music, dance, and storytelling as important piece of culture