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Early Exploration

Early Exploration. Beginning in the Late 1400s. Portugal ’ s Advances. Factors Encouraging European Exploration. Factors: Europeans Seek Greater Wealth Trade spices and other luxury goods from Asia

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Early Exploration

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  1. Early Exploration Beginning in the Late 1400s

  2. Portugal’s Advances

  3. Factors Encouraging European Exploration • Factors: • Europeans Seek Greater Wealth • Trade spices and other luxury goods from Asia • Italian merchants controlled the land routes to Asia, so other Europeans had to find a sea route • The Spread of Christianity • Felt they had a duty to convert no-Christians throughout the world • Technological Advances • Made exploration possible • Caravel – could sail against the wind and was sturdier • Astrolabe – using rings to sight the stars, a sea captain could tell how far north or south of the equator he was

  4. Portugal Leads the Way • Prince Henry • Determined to reach the wealth of the east, so in 1419, Henry found a navigation school • By the time Henry died, Portuguese traders had moved down the western coast of Africa

  5. Getting Around Africa • In 1488, Portuguese captain Bartolomeu Dias ventured down the coast of Africa until he reached the tip • But the captain returned home • In 1498, Vasco da Gama reached the port of Calicut, India • First direct sea rout to India

  6. Spain’s Envy

  7. Spain Envious • Spain watched Portugal with envy • In 1492, an Italian sea captain, Christopher Columbus, convinced Spain to fund a route to Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean

  8. Columbus’s Voyage • Arrived on Hispaniola on October 12, 1492 • Called the inhabitants los indios • Translates to Indians • In early 1493, Columbus returned to Spain • Recounted his tale to the Spanish monarchs • Spain funded three more journeys • Intended to transform the islands of the Caribbean to colonies • Colonies – lands that are controlled by another nation

  9. Treaty of Tordesillas • Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 • A north to south line that split the world so that Spain would not encroach on Portugal’s land • Gave most of the Americas, except for Brazil, to Spain

  10. Spain Builds an Empire • In 1519, Hernando Cortes landed on the shores of Mexico • Known as a conquistador, or conqueror • Cortes learned of the vast and wealthy Aztec Empire • Montezuma II believed Cortes to be an armor-clad god • In 1521, the Spaniards finally conquered the Aztecs and toppled their empire.

  11. Pizarro Conquers the Incas • In 1532, Francisco Pizarro marched into South America • Pizarro and 200 men met Atahualpa who commanded a force of 30,000 • Crushed the Inca force and captured Atahualpa • Pizarro received a ransom for Atahualpa and then killed him • Pizarro finally attacked the capital of Cuzco and defeated the Inca Empire

  12. Spain’s Pattern of Conquest • Marriage between Spanish settlers and native women was common • Created a large mestizo population • Forced the Native Americans to labor within a system known as encomienda • Natives farmed, ranched, or mined for Spanish landlords

  13. Bartolome de Las Casas • “There is nothing more detestable or cruel than the tyranny which the Spaniards use toward the Indians for the getting of [riches].” • Bartolome Las Casas • Las Casas pushed for the use of Africans • Something that would become more prevalent

  14. French, English, and Dutch Claims

  15. Early French Explorers • In 1534, Jacques Cartier sailed down the river the St. Lawrence and founded Montreal • In 1608, Samuel de Champlain sailed the same rived and founded Quebec • Created New France • France’s colonial empire in North America

  16. The Lucrative Fur Trade • In 1672 • Sieur de La Salle sailed down the river Mississippi River and claimed in for France by calling the area Louisiana • Helped spur New France’s main economic activity • The fur trade

  17. English Settle Jamestown • In 1607, settlers reached the coast of Virginia and created the settlement Jamestown • Settlers were first more interested in finding gold than planting crops • Jamestown’s Importance • Jamestown would soon become England’s first permanent settlement in North America • Main cash crop would become tobacco

  18. Jamestown Sketch

  19. Puritans Sail for the Americas • In 1620, the Pilgrims founded a second English colony, Plymouth, in Massachusetts

  20. The Dutch and New Netherland • In 1609 • Henry Hudson explored the Hudson River, the Hudson Bay, and the Hudson Strait • Created New Netherland • The Dutch holdings in North America

  21. English Push for Dominance

  22. The English Oust the Dutch • Problem: • New Netherland separated England’s north and south colonies • Solution: • In 1664, Charles II told his brother the Duke of York to drive out the Dutch • He renamed it New York

  23. England Battles France • Problem: • England pushed west on the continent of North America and collided with France’s North American holdings • Solution: • French and Indian War • A conflict that began in 1754 over the Ohio Valley and was fought between the British and the French on the North American continent • French ended up giving the British most of their North American holdings

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