Participle Review

1. Colossal Participle Review

2. Participle Review • Participles are part verband part adjective. • Participles are verbal adjectives. • Participles share in characteristics of both verbs and adjectives. • Just like an adjective, a participle describes a noun. • As adjectives, participles agree in number, case, and gender with the words which they modify. • As verbs, participles have tense and voice. They may also take direct objects. • Example: medicus, per forum ambulans, Phormionemconspexit. ambulānsis part of the verbambulāre; as an adjective, ambulānsdescribes the noun medicus. translation: The doctor, walking through the forum, caught sight of Phormio.

3. Participle Review • You have encountered all five tenses of Latin participles: • the present active • the perfect passive • “perfect active participle” (the rare deponent form, which only a few verbs have) • the future active participle • The future passive participle (aka Gerundive)

4. Participle Review:Present Active Participle • Present Active Participles indicate action happening at the same time as another (“looking” while “hurrying” in the example below). • Present Active Participles indicate action contemporaneous with the action of the main verb. • Present Participles are ACTIVE; meaning the subject is DOING the action. • Ex. Servi per villamcontenderunt, areanasquaerentes. • The slaves hurried through the house , looking for the spiders’ webs. • The slaves are doing the looking. As opposed to Passive Participles where the action is happening to them.

5. Participle Review:Present Active Participle • The Present Active Participle is declined like a 3rd declension adjective, using the present stem and the letters “-ns”. • Present stem + ns (gen. –ntis) M. & F. N. (sing.) Nom. agensagens Gen. agentisagentis Dat. agentiagenti Acc. agentemagens Abl. agente(i) agente (i) (pl.) Nom. agentesagenta Gen. agentiumagentium Dat. agentibusagentibus Acc. agentesagenta Abl. agentibusagentibus Remember: nom. & acc. case are always the same for neuter nouns and adjectives & neuter plurals end in “-a” in the nom. & acc. Case.

6. Participle Review:Present Active Participle • Practice: • Clemens Eutychum in media via stanteminvenit. translation: Clemens found Eutychusstanding in the middle of the street. • Notice that the participle stantem modifies the noun Eutychumand therefore must also be in the masculine accusative singular form. • Present stem + ntem(masc. acc. sing. ending) • Phormioancillas in cubiculolacrimantesaudivit. translation: Phormio heard the slave-girls crying in the bedroom. • Notice that the participle lacrimantes modifies the noun ancillas and therefore must also be in the feminine plural accusative form. • Present stem + ntes(fem. acc. pl. ending)

7. Participle Review:Perfect Passive Participle • Perfect Passive Participles indicate an action happening before another action(being awakened, and then being angry). • Perfect Passive Participles are PASSIVE, i.e. the action is happening to them. • Perfect Passive Participles are also verbal adjectives but are declined like 1st and 2nddec. adjectives. • Remember, all verbs have 4 principal parts. ex. excito, excitāre, excitavi, excitatus. The Perfect Passive Participle is the 4th principal part of the verb. • Perfect passive participles are translated:“having been ____ed"

8. Participle Review:Perfect Passive Participle • Practice: • Faber primus statuamdeaeSulissculpebat. Architectusfabrumlaudavit, quod perituserat et diligenterlaborabat. Faber, abarchitectolaudatus, laetissiimus. • The first craftsman was sculpting/carving a statue of the goddess Sulis. The architect praised the craftsman because he was skillful and working carefully/diligently. The craftsman, having been praised by the architect, was very happy. • Faber secundusmurum circum fontemponebat. Architectusfabrumincitavit, quod fessuserat et lentelaborabat. Faber, abarchitectoincitatus, remgraviterferebat. Nihiltamen dixit, quod architectumtimebat. • The second craftsman was putting a wall around a fountain. The architect urged on the craftsman because he was tired and was working slowly. The craftsman having been urged on by the architect was taking the thing badly because he was fearing the architect.

9. Participle Review:Perfect Active Participle • Perfect Active Participles occur with deponent verbs. • Perfect Active Participles are also verbal adjectives and are declined like 1st and 2nddec. adjectives.

10. Participle Review:Perfect Passive & Perfect Active Participle Forms • Notice how Perfect Passive & Perfect Active Participles are both declined like 1st and 2nddec. adjectives using the 4th principal verb part. M. F. N. (sing.) Nom. conatus conata conatum Gen. conati conatae conati Dat. conato conatae conato Acc. conatum conatam conatum Abl. conato conatae conato (pl.) Nom. conati conatae conata Gen. conatorum conatarum conatorum Dat. conatis conatis conatis Acc. conatos conatas conata Abl. conatis conatis conatis Remember: nom. & acc. case are always the same for neuter nouns and adjectives & neuter plurals end in “-a” in the nom. & acc. Case.

11. Participle Review:Perfect Participles: Varying Translations • Notice that participles can be translated in a variety of ways: • Nuntius, auluamingressus, regemquasivit. • The messenger, having entered the palace, looked for the king. OR • After the messenger had entered the palace, he looked for the king. OR • On entering the palace, the messenger looked for the king. OR • The messenger entered the palace and looked for the king. **Note bene – The tense of a participle is not absolute but is relative to that of the main verb. Present Participle – action contemporaneous with main verb Perfect Participle – action prior to main verb

12. Participle Review: • Remember all participles agree with the nouns they describe. • Examples: • (nom.) rex, in media turbasedens, donaaccipebat. • The king, who was sitting in the middle of the crowd, was receiving gifts. • (acc.) Quintus regem, in media turbasedentem, agnovit. • Quintus recognized the king who was sitting in the middle of the crowd. • (sing.) Legatus, ad carcaremregressus, neminemibiinvenit. • The commander of the legion found no one there after he returned to the prison. • (pl.) Custodes, ad carcaremregressi, neminemibiinvenerunt. • The guards found no one there after they returned to the prison.

13. Participle Review:Practice • Translate the following examples and pick out the participle in each sentence: • Ingensmultitudoludos, abimperatoreeditos, spectabat. • A huge crowd was watching the games that had been put on by the emperor. • Custodescaptivodormientiappropinquaverunt. • The guards approached the sleeping prisoner • Milites, ā centurionibusinstructi, in longisordinibusstabant. • The soldiers, who had been drawn up by the centurions, were standing in long rows/lines. • Mercator amicum, ā Graecia regressum, ad cenamsumptuosaminvitavit. • The merchant invited his friend, whom had returned from Greece, to a sumptuous dinner.

14. Participle Review:Future Active Participle • Future Active Participles are comprised of the: • participle stem + -ūrus, ūra, ūrum and are also declined like 1st & 2nddec. adjectives. • Future Active Participles are translated as “about to…” or “going to…”

15. Participle Review:Future Active Participle Sing. M F N Nom. act-urus act-ura act-urum Gen.acturiacturaeacturi Dat.acturoacturaeacturo Acc.acturumacturamacturum Abl.acturoacturāacturo Pl. M F N Nom.acturiacturaeactura Gen.acturorumacturarumacturorum Dat.acturisacturisacturis Acc.acturosacturasactura Abl.acturisacturisacturis

16. Participle Review:Future Active Participle • Note the differences between the perfect PASSIVE and future ACTIVE participles: • Perfect Passive Future Active • PortatusPortaturus • (Having been) carried About to carry • DoctusDocturus • (Having been) taught About to teach • TractusTracturus • (having been) dragged About to drag

17. Participle Review:Future Active Participle • Practice: • Nunc ego quoquemoriturus sum. • Now I am also about to die. • Nemosciebat quid Hateriusfacturusesset. • No one knew what Hateriuswas going to do. • Praecopuellamvidit, navemconscensuram. • The herald saw the girl about to go on board ship.

18. Participle Review:Future Passive Participle (gerundives) • Future Passive Participles are comprised of the: • present stem + -ndus, nda, ndum and are also declined like 1st & 2nddec. adjectives. • Future Passive Participles are translated as “about to be…” or “deserving to be…” or more idiomatically “…must…” as in: • Nobisaudiendumest – we must listen • Mihi amphora portandaest - I must carry the wine-jar.

19. Participle Review:Future Passive Participle Sing. M F N Nom. age-ndus age-nda age-ndum Gen.agendiagendaeagendi Dat.agendoagendaeagendo Acc. agendum agendam agendum Abl.agendoagendāagendo Pl. M F N Nom.agendiagendae agenda Gen.agendorumagendarumagendorum Dat.agendisagendisagendis Acc.agendos agendas agenda Abl.agendisagendisagendis

20. Participle Review:Future Passive Participle (gerundives) • Practice: • Mihicurrendum est. • Mihifabulanarranda est. • Mihiepistulascribenda est. • Tibitestamentum faciendum est. • NobisHateriumvisitandus est. • Coquocenaparanda est. • Romanis fides servanda est.

21. Participle Review:Future Passive Participle (gerundives) • Practice: • Mihicurrendum est. • I must run. • Mihifabulanarranda est. • I must tell a story. • Mihiepistulascribenda est. • I must write a letter. • Tibitestamentum faciendum est. • You must make a will. • NobisHateriumvisitandus est. • We must visit Haterius. • Coquocenaparanda est. • Dinner must be prepared by the cook. • Romanis fides servanda est.

22. Participle Review Active Passive presentpres. stem + -ns (gen. –ntis) ------------ . (ex. agens, agentis, leading) perfect------------ part. stem + -us, -a, -um . (ex. actus, -a, -um, led, having been led) futurepart. stem + -urus, -ura, -urumpres. stem +-ndus, -nda, (ex. acturus, -a, -um, about -ndum tolead, going to lead) (about) to be led, deserving or fit to be led . • **Note bene – English derivatives are illustrative of the sense of three of these participles: “agent” (from agens), a person doing something; “act” (actus, -a, -um), something being done; “agenda” (agendus, -a, -um), something to be done

23. Participle Review:Ablative Absolute (9/17) • Ablative Absolute phrases are made up of: • A noun in the ablative case & • A participle in the ablative case • Ablative Absolute phrases can be translated in a variety of ways. Coordinating conjunctions like “when”, “since”, “after”, “with”, etc. help to make the translation sound more idiomatic.

24. Participle Review:Ablative Absolute (9/17) Practice: • Arcudedicato, civesdomumredierunt. • Pecuniāāmissā, ancillalacrimarecoepit. • Victimissacrificatis, haruspexominanuntiavit. • Duce interfecto, hostesdesperabant. • Mercator, clamoribusauditis, e lectoperterritussurrexit. • Senator, hacsententia dicta, consedit. • What is the tense & voice of the participles in these sentences?

25. Participle Review:Ablative Absolute (9/17) Practice: • Custodibusdormientibus, captivieffugerunt. • Pompā per viasprocedente, spectatoresvehementerplauserunt. • Imperator, sacerdotibusadstantibus, precesdivo Tito obtulit. • What is the tense & voice of the participles in these sentences?

26. Participle Review:Ablative Absolute (9/17) Practice: • Mercatoreprofecto, res diraaccidit. • Nuntiis ā Britanniā regressis, imperator senatoresarcessivit. • What is the tense & voice of the participles in these sentences?