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CHAPTER 24 THE CHALLENGE OF MODERNITY: EAST ASIA, 1750–1900 China

CHAPTER 24 THE CHALLENGE OF MODERNITY: EAST ASIA, 1750–1900 China. China and Japan in the Age of Imperialism. Britain tried to set up a diplomatic embassy in Qing China. Rejected by Emperor Qianlong: China had no need of Western things.

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CHAPTER 24 THE CHALLENGE OF MODERNITY: EAST ASIA, 1750–1900 China

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  1. CHAPTER 24THE CHALLENGE OF MODERNITY: EAST ASIA, 1750–1900China

  2. China and Japan in the Age of Imperialism • Britain tried to set up a diplomatic embassy in Qing China. • Rejected by Emperor Qianlong: China had no need of Western things. • Europeans had an imbalance of trade with China, in silver. • In southwestern China, American tobacco was mixed with opium. • Qing banned smoking opium in 1729, remained local problem until c. 1800.

  3. British East India Company in Bengal had access to opium. • Non-company men began to smuggle it into China, using offshore islands. • Company involved too; opium becomes a fourth of Company revenue. • Company lost monopoly on China trade in 1833, and more British began to trade in opium.

  4. Opium merchants put pressure on Qing to legitimize trade. • West already pushing for more trade ports in China besides Canton. • China concerned about opium and Christian missionaries.

  5. Opium market booms: large supply, cheap prices, and addictive nature of drug.

  6. Lin Zezu, an official, demands dealers hand over opium and pledge never to sell it again or face execution. • Lin also sets up places for addicts to recover. • When dealers refuse, he closes off Canton to all trade. • Dealers give in, and Lin burns 20,000 chests of opium.

  7. Dealers ask British government for compensation for lost stock. • British use this as opportunity to demand more ports of trade and an embassy. • Send fleet of warships, outnumber and outgun dated Chinese ships. • Beginning of First Opium War (1839–1842).

  8. First Opium War reveals that China’s military was underfunded and inadequate. • Chinese opened negotiations to end First Opium War in 1842. • Treaty of Nanjing was the first of the “unequal treaties” that favored the West. • British claimed Hong Kong, • Chinese had to pay indemnity for the war, • Opened up ports at Shanghai, Ningbo, Fuzhou, and Xiamen. • Britain forced China to lower tariff on British goods. • New ports were given extraterritoriality status. • Other treaties followed with U.S. and France. • New ports, goods, and swift changes made South China volatile.

  9. Taiping Rebellion, 1851–1864 • Hong Xiuquan failed at the Confucian exams and studied Christian missionary texts. • After a nervous breakdown became convinced he was Christ’s younger brother. • Promised to bring Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace to earth. • His followers included: • Unemployed • Anti-Manchu dissidents • Hakka minority. • Created a society of mixed Protestant theology, Chinese tradition, equality of genders, and outlawed footbinding and opium smoking. • Men cut queues to show break with Manchu Qing

  10. Second Opium War, 1856–1860 • Britain tries to force Chine to open more ports. • France joins Britain, wants China to allow more Catholic missionaries. • Britain distracted in 1857 by Great Rebellion in India, but sent a large force with the French in 1860, drove emperor from Beijing. • Treaty opened more ports, legalized opium, and set up embassies.

  11. West decided to aid Qing suppress the Taiping Rebellion, because of all the treaties signed with the Qing.

  12. From the 1870s, Qing and the West entered the “Cooperative Era.” • Prince Gong believed Westerners would assimilate to Chinese culture. • Self-strengthening policy: • “Chinese studies for the essence, Western studies for practical application.” • Set up foreign language and technical schools, modern arsenals, factories, navy yard, shipping, and sent Chinese students abroad. • Westernization opposed by conservative elites, such as Empress Dowager Cixi. • Concerned that industrializing China would erode the society. • Both self-strengtheners and opposition were weakened by lack of stability. • In the 1880s China lost influence in Southeast Asia and Korea.

  13. Boxer Rebellion • Emperor Guangxu implemented Hundred Days of Reform. • Opposed by Cixi, who had Guangxu placed under house arrest. • Boxers, or Society of the Harmonious Fist: • Anti-Qing and anti-foreigners. • Opposed Christian missionaries, especially Germans active in Shandong. • Started a rebellion in North China by assassinating German ambassador. • Boxers hunted missionaries and Chinese Christians, helped by Chinese army.

  14. Foreigners in Beijing besieged for 55 days • Boxer rebellion put down by multinational response: • Western powers and Japanese. • Qing completely routed by foreigners and forced to sign harsh treaty. • Foreign troops stationed in Chinese cities.

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