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Tissues

Tissues. Objectives:. Compare and Contrast the cellular components, structures, fibers and extracellular matrix in each type of connective tissue Distinguish among the three types of muscle tissue Describe the general characteristics and functions of nervous tissue. Connective Tissue.

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Tissues

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  1. Tissues

  2. Objectives: • Compare and Contrast the cellular components, structures, fibers and extracellular matrix in each type of connective tissue • Distinguish among the three types of muscle tissue • Describe the general characteristics and functions of nervous tissue

  3. Connective Tissue • Found everywhere in the body • Includes the most abundant and widely distributed tissues • Functions • Binds body tissues together • Supports the body • Provides protection • transports

  4. Connective Tissue Characteristics • Variations in blood supply • Some tissue types are well vascularized • Some have a poor blood supply or are avascular • Extracellular matrix • Non-living material that surrounds living cells • Matrix varies from one type of connective tissue to another

  5. Extracellular Matrix • Two main elements • Ground substance—mostly water along with adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules • Fibers • Produced by the cells • Three types • Collagen (white) fibers • Elastic (yellow) fibers • Reticular fibers

  6. Connective Tissue Types • Bone (osseous tissue) • Composed of • Haversian system • Bone cells in lacunae (cavities) • Hard matrix of calcium salts • Large numbers of collagen fibers • Osteocytes- mature bone cells • Osteoblasts- make bone • Osteocytes- tears down bone • Used to protect and support the body

  7. Connective Tissue Types Figure 3.19a

  8. Connective Tissue Types • Hyaline cartilage • Chondrocyte- cartilage cell • Most common type of cartilage • Composed of • Abundant collagen fibers • Rubbery matrix

  9. Hyaline Cartilage • Locations • Larynx • Entire fetal skeleton prior to birth • Nose • Covers ends of bones • Attaches ribs to brestbone

  10. Connective Tissue Types Figure 3.19b

  11. Connective Tissue Types • Elastic cartilage • Provides elasticity • Location • Supports the external ear • Fibrocartilage • Highly compressible- very strong • Location • Forms cushion-like discs between vertebrae • Menisci

  12. Connective Tissue Types Figure 3.19c

  13. Connective Tissue Types • Dense connective tissue (dense fibrous tissue) • Main matrix element is collagen fiber • Fibroblasts are cells that make fibers • Locations • Tendons—attach skeletal muscle to bone • Ligaments—attach bone to bone at joints • Dermis—lower layers of the skin

  14. Connective Tissue Types Figure 3.19d

  15. Connective Tissue Types • Loose connective tissue types • Areolar tissue • Most widely distributed connective tissue • Soft, pliable tissue like “cobwebs” • Functions as a packing tissue • Contains all fiber types • Can soak up excess fluid (causes edema)

  16. Aereolar • Cells • Macrophage • Large phagocytic cell • Cleans up debris • Fiber blast • Produces protein of matrix • Mast cells • Function in inflammation • Produces redness, heat, swelling, tissue fluid

  17. Connective Tissue Types Figure 3.19e

  18. Connective Tissue Types • Loose connective tissue types • Adipose tissue • Matrix is an areolar tissue in which fat globules predominate • Many cells contain large lipid deposits • Functions • Insulates the body • Protects some organs • Serves as a site of fuel storage

  19. Adipose Tissue • Fat storage • Males- around abdomen • Women- hips, butt, thighs • Best Indicator of Fitness Level • Skin caliphers • Electrical impedence • Underwater weighing • Static measurements

  20. Adipose Tissue • Ideal Body Fat • Males- 15-18% • Females- 20-22% • High Body Fat Associated With Many Diseases • Cardiovascular • Diabetes • Certain cancers

  21. Connective Tissue Types Figure 3.19f

  22. Connective Tissue Types • Loose connective tissue types • Reticular connective tissue • Delicate network of interwoven fibers • Forms stroma (internal supporting network) of lymphoid organs • Lymph nodes • Spleen • Bone marrow

  23. Connective Tissue Types Figure 3.19g

  24. Connective Tissue Types • Blood (vascular tissue) • Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix called blood plasma • Fibers are visible during clotting • Functions as the transport vehicle for materials

  25. Blood • Functions • Transports Co2 and O2, nutrients, and wastes • Maintains body temperature • Regulates ph of body fluids • White blood cells destroy microorganisms • Blood forming tissue is called hematopoetic tissue

  26. Connective Tissue Types Figure 3.19h

  27. Muscle Tissue • Function is to produce movement • Three types • Skeletal muscle • Cardiac muscle • Smooth muscle

  28. Muscle Tissue Types • Skeletal muscle • Under voluntary control • Contracts to pull on bones or skin • Produces gross body movements or facial expressions • Characteristics of skeletal muscle cells • Striated • Multinucleate (more than one nucleus) • Long, cylindrical

  29. Muscle Tissue Types Figure 3.20a

  30. Muscle Tissue Types • Cardiac muscle • Under involuntary control • Found only in the heart • Function is to pump blood • Characteristics of cardiac muscle cells • Cells are attached to other cardiac muscle cells at intercalated disks • Striated • One nucleus per cell

  31. Muscle Tissue Types Figure 3.20b

  32. Muscle Tissue Types • Smooth muscle • Under involuntary muscle • Found in walls of hollow organs such as stomach, uterus, and blood vessels • Characteristics of smooth muscle cells • No visible striations • One nucleus per cell • Spindle-shaped cells

  33. Muscle Tissue Types Figure 3.20c

  34. Nervous Tissue • Composed of neurons and nerve support cells • Function is to send impulses to other areas of the body • Irritability • Conductivity • Dendrites carry impulses into the cell • Axon takes nerve impulses away from cell body

  35. Nervous Tissue Figure 3.21

  36. Tissue Repair (Wound Healing) • Regeneration • Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells • Fibrosis • Repair by dense (fibrous) connective tissue (scar tissue) • Determination of method • Type of tissue damaged • Severity of the injury

  37. Events in Tissue Repair • Capillaries become very permeable • Introduce clotting proteins • A clot walls off the injured area • Formation of granulation tissue • Growth of new capillaries • Rebuild collagen fibers • Regeneration of surface epithelium • Scab detaches

  38. Regeneration of Tissue • Keloid is a thick scar • More common in people with dark skin, women, and people under 30 • Some cultures deliberate create keloids

  39. Regeneration of Tissues • Tissues that regenerate easily • Epithelial tissue (skin and mucous membranes) • Fibrous connective tissues and bone • Tissues that regenerate poorly • Skeletal muscle • Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue • Cardiac muscle • Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord

  40. Developmental Aspects of Tissue • Epithelial tissue arises from all three primary germ layers • Muscle and connective tissue arise from the mesoderm • Nervous tissue arises from the ectoderm • With old age, there is a decrease in mass and viability in most tissues • Amitoitic • Cells that lose their ability to divide when they are fully mature like heart and nerve cells

  41. Cancer • Terms • Neoplasm- any new growth • Tumor- distinct lump of abnormal cells • Benign- grow slowly and don’t spread • Malignant- not in a capsule and can spread • Grow rapidly and extend the tumor to nearby tissues, metastasis • 90% of all human cancers are carcinomas, which are growths that originate in epithelium

  42. Cancer • Causes • Carcinogens- anything that causes cancer • Cause changes or mutations in DNA • Industrial products • Radiation • Sunburns • Some viruses • Chemicals

  43. Cancer • Causes • Genes • Oncogenes- cancer causing genes • Age • Prevalence • Almost ½ of all Americans develop cancer in their lifetime • 1/5 of all Americans die from cancer • Most common: skin, lung, breast, and prostate

  44. Cancer • Screening Procedures • Self-exam • Biopsy • Blood tests • Medical Imaging • Treatment • Surgical Removal • Radiation • Chemotherapy

  45. Cancer • Side-Effects of Treatment • Vomiting, nausea, hair loss • Promising New Methods • Anti-cancer drugs • Increasing immune system • Starving tumors by cutting off their blood supply • Destroy cancer cells with viruses • Cancer vaccines

  46. Cancer- 7 Warning Signs • C change in bowel or bladder habit • A a sore that doesn’t heal • U unusual bleeding • T thickening or lump • I indigestion (chronic) or difficulty swallowing • O obvious change in a wart or mole • N nagging cough or horseness

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