Royal University of Phnom Penh Department of Media and Communication

1. Royal University of Phnom Penh Department of Media and Communication Topic: Hyphen, Parentheses, Period Lecturer: Veng Rachana Subject: English for Journalism Member:Vinh Socheata Chan Phalkun Sim Yuthy Songhy Virak Gov Kimheng

2. Content • Hyphen (-) • Parentheses () • Period (.)

3. Hyphen (-) • Hyphen is one of punctuation marks that is used to link words and parts of words together. There are three main cases where u should use them: • In compound words • To join prefixes to other words • To show word breaks

4. Compound words 1. COMPOUND ADJECTIVES :are made up of a noun + an adjective + a participle, or an adjective + a participle. • Noun + adjective : sugar-free • Noun + participle : computer-aided • Adjective + participle : good-looking • Hyphen with numerals • Ex: 250-year-old trees

5. 2. COMPOUND VERBS • Use a hyphen when a compound formed two nouns is made into a verb. NounVerb Ex: an ice skateto ice-skate • Note: Do not use phrasal verb with hyphen. • Build up (phrasal verb) Ex: You should continue to build upyour pension. • Build-up (noun) Ex: There was a build-up of traffic on the ring road.

6. 3. COMPOUND NOUNS • Is one consisting of two component nouns and can be written in one of three different ways: One wordTwo wordsHyphenated aircrew air crew air-crew playgroup play group play-group chatroom chat room chat-room

7. Hyphen joining prefixes to other words • Can be used to join a prefix to another word, esp. if the prefix ends in a vowel and the other word also begins with one. • E.g. pre-eminent or co-own • Use hyphen to separate a prefix from a name or date • E.g. post-Aristotelian or pre-1900 • Use a hyphen to avoid confusion with another word • EX: to distinguish re-cover

8. Hyphen showing word breaks • Can be used to divide words that are not usually hyphenated • Ex: hel-met not he-lmet, dis-abled not disa-bled • Hyphens are also be used to stand for a common second element in all but the last word of a list • Ex: you may see a yield that is two- ; three- ; fourfold

9. Parentheses () • Parenthesesare used to separate off information that is not essential to the meaning of the rest of the sentence. • Ex: Mount Everest (8,848 m)is the highest mountain in the world. • Parentheses can also be used to enclose a comment by the person writing. • Ex: He’d clearly had too much to drink (not that I blame him).

10. Parentheses () • Parentheses use around logos, as shown in DATELINE (pg.79), but otherwise be sparing with them. • Ex: PHNOM PENH, (Cambodia capital city) is a beautiful charming city • The temptation to use parentheses is a clue that a sentence is becoming contorted. • Note: Parentheses are used only for effective means of inserting necessary background or reference information.

11. WHITIN QUOTATIONS • If parenthetical information inserted in a direct quotation is at all sensitive, place an editor’s note under a dash at the bottom of a story alerting copy desks to what was inserted

12. PUNCTUATION • Place a period outside a closing parentheses if the material inside is not a sentence (such as this fragment) • (An independent parenthetical sentence such as this one takes a period before the closing parenthesis.) • Do not capitalize the first word or end with a period. • Ex: She cries (out loudly) because she got a very low score in her EJ quiz.

13. MATERIAL FROM OTHER AREAS • If a story contains information from outside the datelined city, put the material in parentheses only if the correspondent in the datelined community is cut off from incoming communication.

14. INSERTIONS IN A PROPER NAME • Use parentheses when a state name or similar information is inserted within a proper name. • Ex: The Huntsville (Ala.)Times • Use commas if no proper name is involved. • Ex: The Selma, Ala., group saw the governor.

15. NEVER USED ! • Donate a political figure’s party affiliation and jurisdiction. Instead, show them with commas. • Use (cq) or similar notation to indicate an unusual spelling or term is correct.

16. Period (.) Use a period at the end of a command. • Hand in the poster essays no later than noon on Friday. • In case of tremors, leave the building immediately. Use a period at the end of an indirect question. • The teacher asked why Maria had left out the easy exercises. • My father used to wonder why Eggberts’s ears were so big.

17. Use a period with abbreviations: • Dr. Espinoza arrived from Washington, D.C., at 6 p.m. • Notice that when the period ending the abbreviation comes at the end of a sentence, it will also suffice to end the sentence. On the other hand, when an abbreviation ends a question or exclamation, it is appropriate to add a question mark or exclamation mark after the abbreviation-ending period: • Did you enjoy living in Washington, D.C? Use a period at the end of Declarative sentence: • The style book is finished. Use a period at the end of Mildly Imperative sentence: • Shut the door.

18. Use a period after Number of Letters in enumerating elements of a summary: • Wash a car. • Clean a toilet Or • Brush the crocodile teeth. • Take the elephant to shower. • Note: Use a single space after a period at the end of a sentence.

19. Use period if a statement is more a suggestion than a question. EX: Why don’t we go to KohKong.

20. Thanks for your attention! Q & A?