Back ground of phenomenological research

1. “The Root of Phenomenological Reduction: In Search of a Perfect Applicative Paraphrase of The Idea of Phenomenology” by Seiji TAKEDA Waseda University, Japan

2. ① The application of phenomenology has now become an increasingly noticeable trend in the practical field. However, there’s a big difficulty for common readers to understand Husserl’s text. ②The main reasons of the difficulty of Husserl's Text. 1. No clear definition has been achieved among scholars. ‘Phenomenological reduction’ ‘Transcendence’ ‘Constitution’ ‘Eidetic seeing’ etc. Back ground of phenomenological research ③The general explanation of phenomenology (from subject-book of phenomenologyin Japan) 1. Comprehensive alteration of attitudefrom natural attitude 2. The realm of ‘pure consciousness’ as phenomenological residue 3. Essential description of ‘the essential structure of consciousness’ in terms of ‘the constitution of the world’ ＊But, where does this lead us ? On the whole, quite unintelligible. Husserl

3. ④Serious doubts or objections submitted even by the authentic German school of phenomenology . (O.Fink, L.Landgrebe, K.Heldetc.) Eugen Fink : ‘Husserl’s conception of ‘constitution’ is always swinging’. G ･H･Brant: ‘ Even excellent scholars are always questioning themselves “what is phenomenology in the first place?” ’. ⑤From that serious confusion of the interpretation of the method of phenomenology, there has appeared a lot of criticisms from contemporary thought (post-modernism ,analytic philosophy). →Foundationalism of rigorous knowledge, Idealistic solipsism, Subjectivism, Metaphysics ⇒　Misunderstanding or not? How do we understand the fundamental method of phenomenology?

4. ＊The main aim of phenomenology lies in the clarification of the ‘enigma of cognition‘ (the problem of cognition). (‘The Idea of Phenomenology’) ＊’ Enigma of cognition’ means traditional problem of the agreement of Subject and Object . How do we understand the concept of ‘phenomenological reduction‘ ? Agreement? Subject (knowledge) Object

5. ★What is the problem? If there’s no agreement between S and O? 1)No correct knowledge of the world at all. 2)Every knowledge is relative. 3)What about natural science? Is that an illusion? 4)No standard of good and evil, justice and injustice ！？　 →The problem of belief conflict It comes down to →　Only‘power logic’！ How did Husserl clarify the enigma of cognition? 　→by the method of phenomenological reduction ！　 (1)No agreement between Subject and Object (2)Nevertheless there can be universal knowledge ！

6. What is the phenomenological reduction Reverse your view point ! from natural attitude to Phenomenological atttude Reverse cause and effect ! Consciousness (experience) Effect Cause Subject (knowledge) Belief Effect Cause Object

7. What is the phenomenological reduction Reverse your view popint ! From natural attitude to Phenomenological attitude Reverse cause and effect ! Assume that every knowledge is a belief constituted in consciousness ！ Confirm the conditions of belief formation ！ Consciousness (experience) Effect Cause Subject (knowledge) Belief Effect Cause Object

8. Schema of immanence and transcendence Natural attitude Subject-object schema Phenomenological schema Immanence-Transcendence Transcendence Immanence ‘Ideas’ section 33→46 Noesis Noema Subject Belief Object Epoché Confirm the condition of belief formation ！ Perceptive intuition (vivid image) Actional－ non-actional AdumbrationContinuable harmony Belief

9. ① Subjective belief (validity) ② Communal belief (validity) ③Universal belief (validity) (②③→Intersubjective belief) The Theory of Intersubjectivity Three Modes of the World Beliefs One’s own belief/ faith. No one can share it. Seeing a ghost Hallucination of hearing Visual hallucination Shared by two, three or many Illusion of absolute love, Legends of sailors, The god of a people, World religion. Belief /conviction shared by many people. But…… Among communal beliefs some have the condition of reaching the universal belief. The realm of natural science, mathematics. Some principles of philosophy or logic. Legitimacy of democracy. Equality of men and women. Universal structure of the good and evil, beautiful and ugly…… We can figure out the conditions of why the achievements of natural science has reached the universal knowledge (belief), why world religion cannot extend to the universal understanding.

10. Belief Conflict and Common Understanding World view A X 1 C : The realm of common understanding Natural science, mathematics, basic logics C World view B X 2 X : The realm of no common understanding: Religion, human view , Sense of values, of morals, , of aesthetic C World view C X 3 C ●

11. Phenomenological clarification of ‘the enigma of cognition’ • There‘snoabsoluteknowledgeoftheworldat all ! No world itself, objective world itself, the truth itself ! 2.However, not that there’s no objective knowledge (universal belief=common understanding).(Natural science or──) The realm of common understanding and no common understanding. The diversity of sense of value (the ethical, aesthetic ) But a kind of commonality / common ground of structure. 3. How to overcome belief conflict? 1) Accept no absolute knowledge. 2) Recognize the diversity of sense of value (the ethical, the aesthetic, the religious). ⇒mutual recognition of sense of value. 3) Create common rules. 4.No other principle than that ! • The essence of the problem of knowledge lies not in how to find the truth but in how to overcome the belief conflict ! 6. Now, we can clearly understand the core meaning of ‘eidetic seeing’.

12. Eidetic seeing • Eidetic seeing does not mean finding some kind of truth. • But finding some kind of common understanding /common consensus which every one can be convinced. Eidetic seeing Subject Varying opinions Seeking common understanding Eidetic seeing Confirm the conditions of your belief Language game Finding the common ground

13. Eidetic seeing • From the different opinions how to find /create the common ground /common consensus. • No absolute rightness Recognition of diversity Inevitability of reconciliation. Creating common rules • Finding common will ４． Definite relevancy in the practical fields Thank you

14. To go to Website: TAKEDA Seiji’s Official Homepage http://www.phenomenology-japan.com/welcomeengish.htm http://www.phenomenology-japan.com/takeda.htm ① Hyper Paraphrase Husserl ‘The Idea of Phenomenology’ (by S.TAKEDA) ② Closing Essay : ‘Phenomenological Reduction and the Condition for Belief Formation’(by S.TAKEDA) Hyper Paraphrase of ‘The Idea of Phenomenology’

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