Motivation and Emotion

1. Motivation and Emotion

3. New Year’s Resolutions • A fresh start? • The end of the old and new beginnings? • Give something back in return for something borrowed? • Review the past and hope for a new future?

4. What causes you to achieve your goals? • What caused your behavior? • Why did you act that way?

5. What motivated you to accomplish that? Motivation: A need or desire that serves to energize behavior and to direct it toward a goal Focuses on three motives: hunger, sex and achievement Nature: The physiological “push” Nurture: The cognitive and cultural “pulls”

6. Motivational Concepts • Instincts: A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned • Common in species (recall imprinting: the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life) • Human behavior exhibits certain innate tendencies (simple patterns such as an infant sucking) • Most psychologists view human behavior as directed by physiological needs and psychological wants

7. Motivational Concepts • Drives and Incentives: • When instinct theory collapsed, it was replaced by Drive-Reduction Theory: • The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused psychological state that drives the organism to reduce the need (for example: eating or drinking) • When a physiological need increases, so does a psychological drive • EX: Need: food or water -> Drive: (hunger, thirst) -> Drive Reducing behaviors (eating or drinking) • The physiological aim of drive reduction is homeostasis (“stay the same”) • IE: The body’s temperature regulation system

8. Motivational Concepts • Not only are we pushed by our “need” to reduce drives, we are also “pulled” by incentives: • A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior • When we recognize there is both a need and an incentive, we feel strongly driven. • The food-deprived person who smells baking bread feels a strong hunger drive; in the presence of that drive, the baking bread becomes a compelling incentive.

9. Optimum Arousal • Instead of reducing a physiological need or minimizing tension, some motivated behaviors increase arousal. • Despite having all our biological needs satisfied, we feel driven to experience stimulation • Without it, we feel bored and look for a way to increase arousal to some optimum level • With too much stimulation, we feel stressed and look for a way to decrease arousal

10. Hierarchy of Motives • Hierarchy of needs: • Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

11. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

12. Ask YourselfCritical Thinking (On Separate Piece of Paper) • Consider your own experiences in relation to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Have you experienced true hunger or thirst that displaced your concern for other, higher-level needs? Do you usually feel safe? Loved? Confident? How often do you feel you are able to address what Maslow called your “self-actualization” needs?

13. Test Yourself(On Separate Piece of Paper) • While on a long road trip, you suddenly feel very hungry. You see a diner that looks pretty deserted and creepy, but you are really hungry, so you stop anyway. What motivational perspective would most easily explain this behavior and why?

14. Motivation

15. Motivation

17. Answers • 1 sand box2 man over board3 i understand4 read between the line5 long underwear6 crossroads7 down town8 tricycle9 split level10 degrees below zero11 neon light12 circles under eyes13 high/tall chair14 pair of dice ( paradise )15 touchdown16 6ft underground17 mind over matter18 he’s by himself19 glance20 life after death

18. Hunger To learn about the results of semistarvation an experiment was created by Scientist Ancel Keys and his colleagues (1950) solicited volunteers for an experiment • Selected 36 men: Fed the men just enough to maintain their initial weight • For 6 month, they cut this food level in half • Effects became visible: the men began conserving energy, they appeared listless and apathetic • Body weight dropped rapidly, stabilizing at about 25% below their staring weight • Psychological effects were more dramatic: Men became obsessed with food. Talked about food, daydreamed about food, feasted their eyes on forbidden foods. • Lost their former interests in sex and social activities • Became preoccupied with their unfulfilled basic need

19. Food Journal Project • Provide definition and explain in your own words: • What is the physiology of hunger? • How does it affect body chemistry and the brain • What is glucose? • What is set point? • What is basal metabolic rate? • What is the psychology of hunger? • How does psychological and cultural factors influence hunger?

20. Food Journal Project • Students must keep track of all food and drinks beginning Monday January 7th • Must be organized by date (do not have to include times) • Must be organized by category (IE: Breakfast, lunch, dinner, snacks, drinks)

21. Food Journal Project • Sometime between Monday January 7th and Sunday January 13th, you must watch a children’s program (minimum of 30 minutes) and log the number of times you view a commercial (or see a character eating) unhealthy foods or drinks • Please provide the brand name and a briefly describe • IE: Do not put 3 Nestle commercials-was it a chocolate bar, cereal, chocolate milk?

22. Food Journal Project • Students must write journal entry about previous days eating/drinking habits (will be given class time to reflect/write) • Please describe things you did well on, and/or things you would like to improve • Please describe any patterns you see occur • You must also list and describe AT LEAST one good thing about yourself (NOT related to self image) • Journal entries should be a minimum of 6 sentences

23. Dove • True Beauty Campaign • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IHqzlxGGJFo

24. What physiological factors produce hunger? • A.L. Washburn and Walter Cannon (1912) • Washburn intentionally swallowed a balloon • When inflated to fill his stomach, the balloon transmitted his stomach contractions to a recording device • He pressed a key when he felt hungry • Discovery: Washburn was having stomach contractions whenever he felt hungry

25. Does hunger exist without stomach pangs? • Yes! Rats who had their stomachs removed and esophagi connected to small intestines continued to eat

26. Body Chemistry and Brain • People and animals automatically regulate their caloric intake to prevent energy deficits and maintain a stable body weight • The body is keeping tabs on available resources • Blood sugar glucose

27. Body Chemistry and the Brain • Increases in the hormone called insulin (pancreas) gets rid of blood glucose, partly by converting it to stored fat • If your blood glucose level drops, you won’t consciously feel this change

28. Body Chemistry and the Brain • Your brain which is automatically monitoring your blood chemistry and your body’s internal state, will trigger hunger • Signals from your stomach, intestines and liver (glucose being deposited or withdrawn) all signal your brain to motivate eating or not

29. Body Chemistry and the Brain • Hunger controls within the hypothalamus • Lateral hypothalamus: brings on hunger • Ventromedial hypothalamus: depresses hunger

30. Body Chemistry and the BrainThe appetite hormones • Orexin: Hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus • Ghrelin: Secreted by empty stomach; sends “I’m hungry” signals to the brain • Obstatin: Secreted by stomach; sends out “I’m full” signals to the brain • PPY: Digestive tract hormone; sends “I’m not hungry” signals to the brain • Leptin: Secreted by fat cells; when abundant causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger • Insulin: Secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose

31. Body Chemistry and the Brain • Set Point: The point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight • Basal Metabolic Rate: The body’s resting rate of energy expenditure

32. The Psychology of Hunger • Culture and Hunger: Preferences for sweet and salty tastes are genetic and universal • Some tastes are conditioned: • People are given highly salty food, they develop a liking for excess salt or when they develop an aversion to a food eaten before becoming violently ill. • Culture affects taste too • Most Americans shun dog, rat and horse meat

33. Hunger • Reflects the interplay of our physiology and our learning • Blood sugar level are monitored by the brain’s hypothalamus (regulates hunger and body weight) • Some people are especially responsive to external food cues, and others suffer eating disorders

34. External Incentives and Hunger Externals: People whose eating is triggered more by the presence of food than by internal factors

35. Eating Disorders • Anorexia Nervosa: Typically begins as a weight loss diet • Usually adolescents • 3 out of 4 times likely to be females • 15% below normal weight • Usually feel fat, fear gaining weight, remain obsessed with losing weight

36. Eating Disorders • Bulimia Nervosa • Triggered by a weight-loss diet, broken by gorging on forbidden foods • Mostly women in their late teens or early twenties • Eat in spurts, often influenced by friends who are bingeing • Often followed by purging, fasting, or excessive exercise • Preoccupied with food and fear of becoming overweight--> depression and anxiety • Weight fluctuations within and above normal ranges, making the condition easy to hide

37. Eating Disorders • Binge Eating Disorders: • Those who do significant binge eating, followed by remorse, but do not purge

38. Family Environment Contributing to Eating Disorders • Mothers of girls with eating disorders tend to focus on their own weight and on their daughters’ weight and appearance • Families of bulimia patients have a higher-than-usual incidence of childhood obesity and negative self-evaluation • Families of anorexia patients tend to be competitive, high-achieving and protective

39. Body Image in Cultural and Gender Components • Body Ideals vary across culture and time • Those most vulnerable to eating disorders are also those (usually women) who most idealize thinness and have the greatest body dissatisfaction • Women often view real and doctored images of unnaturally thin models and celebrities, they often feel ashamed, depressed and dissatisfied with their own bodies • Attitudes that contribute to eating disorders

40. Levels of Analysis for our Hunger Motivation

41. Obesity and Weight Control • What factors predispose some people to become and remain obese? • Why do some people gain weight while others eat the same amount and seldom add a pound? • And why do so few overweight people win the battle of the bulge? • According to CDC, 66% of Americans are overweight

42. BMI Index

43. The Social Effects of Obesity • Obesity can be socially toxic, by affecting both how you are treated and how you feel about yourself. • Stereotype of obese people • Weight bias is especially against women • Discrimination

44. The Physiology of Obesity • A typical person has 30 to 40 billion miniature fuel tanks (fat cells) lying near the skin’s surface • Usually empty (like a deflated balloon) • Once the number of fat cells increases, due to genetic predisposition, early childhood eating patterns or adult overeating, it never decreases. • On a diet, they shrink, but their number does not

45. Set Point and Metabolism • Once we become obese, we require less food to maintain our weight than we did to attain it • WHY???? • Because compared with other tissue, fat has a lower metabolic weight-it takes less food energy to maintain. • Genetic Factor: Genes influence body weight • Some genes might signal we are “full” yet other genes may fail to give that signal • Benefits of Sleep

46. Losing Weight • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wQYIS1d8fS4

47. Sexual Motivation • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=12MrdhGohk8

48. Sexual Motivation • Sex is part of life; it’s nature’s way of making people procreate, thus enabling our species’ survival • Like hunger, sexual arousal depends on the interplay of internal and external stimuli. • To understand sex, we must understand both

49. The Psychology of Sex • How do internal and external stimuli influence sexual motivation? • Hunger and sex are different sorts of motivation • Hunger responds to a need; if we do not eat, we die • Sex is not in this sense a need • The physical drive for sex (from a motivational standpoint) is from the drive to eat • The sex drive can be suppressed until the urge subsides, which would be unwise to do with hunger

50. Levels of analysis for Sexual Motivation • Biological Influences: • Sexual maturity • Sex hormones (especially testosterone) • Sexual Orientation • Psychological Influence: • Exposure to stimulating conditions • Sexual Fantasies • Social-cultural Influences: • Family and society values • Religious and personal values • Cultural expectations • Media