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The High Middle Ages. World History Chapter 14. The Crusades. Started off as a military campaign against Islam Then changed to also include setting up trading posts Seljuk Turks were of Asiatic origin entered the Muslim world (increasing the numbers)
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The High Middle Ages World History Chapter 14
The Crusades • Started off as a military campaign against Islam • Then changed to also include setting up trading posts • Seljuk Turks were of Asiatic origin entered the Muslim world (increasing the numbers) • In addition, Christians on pilgrimages (a trip to a holy site) were often victimized • As a result, Pope Urban II, called on Christian knights(who thought they would be rewarded in heaven) to join forces and wipe out Muslims • Armies formed, including a disorganized group of peasants (called the Peasants crusade) who attacked several Jewish communities in Germany but were killed by the Turks when they headed to Constantinople
The 1st Crusade • By 1096, major armies (25-30,000 knights) were formed • They headed south to Jerusalem, captured it, and slaughtered many people that lived there • Considered a success • Set up small states including the country of Edessa
The 2nd Crusade • Prompted by the Muslims taking over Edessa • The papal church asked for help from two individuals: • Conrad III of the Holy Roman Empire • Louis VIII of France • They send two armies and get crushed by the Turks in Asia Minor • After two years, the armies returned to Europe in disgrace
The 3rd Crusade • Began after the Muslim leader (Saladin) recaptured Jerusalem • Led by 3 kings (Called the Crusade of the 3 kings): • King Richard the Lion Hearted of England • King Phillip Augustus of France • Emperor Frederick Barbosa of the Holy Roman Empire • Barbosa dies (drowns?) and his men go back home • Richard and Phillip argue so Phillip gets mad and leaves; Richard never won but 300,000+ Muslims and Christians lost their lives • Other minor Crusades followed (including The Children’s Crusade) but none were successful in reclaiming the Holy Land
Trade in the Middle Ages • Trade almost disappeared in the 400s because manors produced their own supplies • Towns decreased in size, had little money, poor roads • Church laws forbade traders from making a profit • Revival of trade began in Italy (The Crusades helped) • Factors leading to commercial and industrial revival: population growth, agricultural expansion, greater political order, outside stimuli, and western expansion (political, military, and religious)
Results of Trade • 1. Economic growth made cities grow • 2. Led to the beginning of a money economy • 3. Led to the change of agricultural production • 4. New attitude toward economic endeavors • 5. Economic growth hit so big, that western leadership would eventually extend to include the Med Sea region and then, the world
Change in nobility • Between 1000 and 1300 A.D., the nobility remained the dominant social group • Value of land meant using it as a source of spendable income (became land lords that charged rent) • Some nobles lost out on money due to fixed returns • Had more material possessions • Chivalry between nobles increased in refinement (they became more snobby)
Changes in peasantry • Large scale freeing of serfs • Income increases • Diet improved • Health and Life expectancy increased • Still remained at the bottom of the social class • Peasant life was still hard, limited, and controlled by the rich
Black Death • In 1346, the Bubonic Plague hit Europe • Came from fleas on rats transported by ship • Carried bacteria and produced fever • Killed 75 million • Disrupted social, economic, even religious institutions
Dante and Chaucer • Two important writers in this period: • Dante – wrote The Divine Comedy which was considered to be his greatest work. In the book, Dante takes a journey through the three realms, hell, purgatory and heaven. • Chaucer - most famous work was considered to be The Canterbury Tales. It was a group of stories told from the point of view of 30 pilgrims traveling to the shrine of St. Thomas Beckett. • Chaucer pokes fun at English society, especially the clergy
The Hundred Years War (1337-1453) • Patriotism – the feeling of loyalty to one’s country • Hundred Years War started for 3 reasons: • King Edward III claimed land in France • He tried to take the French throne when the last Capetian king died • Competed for Flanders • English won many battles but France won the war and England lost all its lands in France • 2 new weapons used in this war: • Longbow • Cannon
The War of the Roses • Shortly after the Hundred Years War ended the war for England’s throne began • In 1455 the York and Lancaster families started the War of the Roses to determine who the ruler of England would be • The white rose was the badge of York and the red rose was used by the House of Lancaster • In 1485 Henry Tudor of the House of Lancaster won the war • Henry married a daughter from the House of York, and as Henry VII he set up a strong monarchy in England once again
Henry Tudor as Henry VII. Note the red rose in his right hand.
Joan of Arc claimed to have visions from God that told her to fight the English in the Hundred Years War. She was sent in for a relief mission to the siege at Orleans, she was able to lift the siege after only nine days. She was a heroine of her country at the young age of 17. While still battling she fell prisoner to the English and was burned at the stake as a heretic at the age of 19. She was later declared a martyr and a saint by the Catholic church.
France after the 100 Years War • In 1461 Louis XI followed Charles VII as king of France • Louis made the French monarchy even stronger and the Estates General lost some of its power • He set up a harsh but efficient government. • Under Louis XI, France became a united country • As in England feudal lords lost much power to their king • But unlike England, French peasants gained little freedom, still owing services to the manor and its lord
The Church’s Power Weakens • Because of power shifting to strong governments and people questioning the church’s extreme wealth and practices, the church began to weaken • In 1294 a conflict arose when King Philip IV of France ordered Pope Boniface VIII in France to pay taxes • This angered Pope Boniface VIII and he decreed that popes had powers over worldly leaders • Philip responded by charging the pope with heresy and of selling jobs in the church. He had his envoys in Rome take the pope prisoner • Although Boniface was quickly let go, he died shortly after. • For the next 100 years the church continued to lose power
The Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism • After Boniface died, Philip had a French bishop elected pope, Clement V. • Clement moved the headquarters of the church to Avignon, France. Until then the center of the church had been in Rome for 1,000 years • The years that the popes lived in Avignon were known as the Babylonian Captivity (1309-1377) • During this time many more lost respect for the church, claiming the church was being controlled by French kings
Continued…. • In 1377 the French pope Gregory XI returned to Rome • After he died the cardinals elected an Italian pope to please local mobs, but later elected a French pope, who took up residence in Avignon • Until 1417 the church had two and sometimes three popes. This period in church history is called the Great Schism (1378-1417) • The church was divided into opposing, hostile groups • Finally a church council met in Constance and ended the Great Schism. It removed the Italian and French popes and elected a new Italian pope
More Problems for the Church • The Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism not only weakened the authority of the pope but it also raised criticism of the church • In the late 1300’s John Wycliffe, a priest and teacher at Oxford University, attacked the wealth of the church and the immorality of some of the clergy • He did not believe in the absolute power of the pope and wanted to replace the authority of the church with that of the Bible • He insisted that individuals should be able to read and interpret the Bible themselves, without church intervention • Wycliffe promoted the translation of the Bible from Latin to English • The church accused him of heresy and he was banned from teaching and forced to retire
Jan Hus • Jan Hus, a teacher at a the University of Prague, read Wycliffe’s works and spoke out against the church • Hus was excommunicated and in 1414 the Council of Constance declared him a heretic and ordered his death • He was burned at the stake in 1415 • Despite John Wycliffe and Jan Hus being punished for criticizing the churchthey had a profound impact on many people. • They set the stage for later reformers who would drastically alter the history of the Christian church
Jan Hus
