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Enhancing USAF Command and Control in Joint Operations

Explore the vital concepts of command and control within the USAF forces operating in a joint environment, focusing on organizational structures, chain of command, and building a joint force. Understand the roles of Joint Force Commanders and Service Component Commanders to optimize airpower in centralized control and decentralized execution scenarios. Gain insights into the diverse command relationships and optional structures within joint forces. This comprehensive guide offers references, terms definitions, and practical scenarios for mastering C2 of Air Force Forces.

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Enhancing USAF Command and Control in Joint Operations

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  1. Command and Control of USAF Forces in a Joint Force We make a difference… Mr. Brian “Bingo” McLean one idea at a time

  2. C2 of Air Force Forces • References and Terms Defined • Building a Joint Force • Optional Structures and Command Relationships • Summary & Questions

  3. C2 of Air Force Forces Air Force forces are organized as part of a joint force IAW two tenets of airpower • Airmen work for Airmen and the senior Airman works for the Joint Force Commander • Airpower is best employed through Centralized Control and Decentralized Execution

  4. C2 of Air Force Forces • References and Terms Defined • Chain of Command • Joint Force • Service Component • Functional Component • Building a Joint Force • Organizational Structures and Command Relationships • Summary & Questions

  5. ANNEX References 3-30 COMMAND AND CONTROL

  6. References

  7. References

  8. References • Air Force Forces Command and Control Enabling Concept (AFFOR C2 EC) • PADs 06-09, 07-13 and 10-02 • AFI 38-101 • AFI 13-1 AOC v3

  9. Terms DefinedChain of Command Administrative Branch Prepare Forces Operational Branch Employ Forces CJCS Joint Staff CSA

  10. Terms DefinedJFC • Joint Force • General term applied to a force composed of significant elements, assigned or attached, of two or more Military Departments operating under a single joint force commander • Generic term includes unified combatant command, subordinate unified command and joint task force • Joint Force Commander • General term applied to a combatant commander, subordinate unified commander, or joint task force commander • Joint Force May or May Not Include components from all four services

  11. Terms Defined JFC Title 10 Geographic Combatant Commands UCP Functional Combatant Commands

  12. Terms DefinedJFC – Multiple Levels Unified Combatant Commander Subordinate Unified Commander JTF Commander, Joint Task Force COCOM

  13. Terms DefinedService Component • Service Component Command • A command consisting of the Service component commander and all those Service forces, such as individuals, units, detachments, organizations, and installations under that command, including the support forces that have been assigned to a combatant command or further assigned to a subordinate unified command or joint task force • Service Component Commander • The senior officer of each Service assigned or attached to a JFC and qualified for command by the regulations of the parent Service is designated the CDR of the Service component forces, unless another officer is so designated by competent authority

  14. Terms DefinedCOMAFFOR • Airmen work for Airmen and the senior Airman works for the Joint Force Commander • USAF Airmen in a joint force are commanded by a USAF chain of command. • The senior USAF commander is directly subordinate to the JFC. This is the COMAFFOR. • COMAFFOR is the USAF operational level warfighter • Employs USAF forces to best accomplish JFC’s objectives • Ensures USAF forces are properly organized, trained and equipped for execution

  15. Terms DefinedAir Force Service Component Administrative Branch ADCON SECAF Joint Force Commander Operational Branch COCOM OPCON TACON SUPPORT CSAF COMAFFOR Commander of AF Forces A - Staff AOC AppropriateC2 AEW AEG AEW Tailored USAF Forces Operational Branch Administrative Branch

  16. Terms DefinedFunctional Component • Functional Component Command • The JFC can establish functional component commands to conduct operations when • Forces from two or more Military Departments must operate in the same dimension or medium or • There is a need to accomplish a distinct aspect of the assigned mission • Functional Component Commanders • Component commanders to a joint force, not a JFC • Normally, the Service component CDR with the preponderance of forces to be tasked and the ability to C2 those forces • Will normally exercise OPCON over own Service forces and TACON over other Service’s forces made available for tasking.

  17. Terms Defined JFACC • Airmen work for airmen and the senior airman works for the Joint Force Commander • Air forces within a joint force should be organized as an entity under the command of an experienced aviator who is directly subordinate to the JFC. This is the JFACC. • The JFACC is designated by the JFC to employ joint air forces • Should be the Service component commander with the preponderance of forces and the best ability to command and control joint air forces.

  18. Army Air Forces Marine Air Forces Terms DefinedCOMAFFOR to JFACC JFACC COMAFFOR JAOC Staff A - Staff AOC Navy Air Forces AEW AEG AEW • Basically, the C/JFACC operationally commands the missions and the COMAFFOR commands the forces. The COMAFFOR ensures the C/JFACC has the forces and tools required to carry out the missions. Operational Branch Administrative Branch

  19. Multiple Levels of JFC / COMAFFOR / JFACC JFC COMAFFOR JFC JFACC JFC JTF AETF/CC JFACC JFACC COMAFFOR COMAFFOR Air Force Forces Air Force Forces Air Force Forces COCOM OPCON TACON ADCON

  20. C2 of Air Force Forces • References and Terms Defined • Building a Joint Force • The Chain of Command and Command Authorities • Providing Forces • Optional Structures and Command Relationships • Summary & Questions

  21. Building a Joint ForceThe Chain of Command President or SECDEF Operational Branch COCOM OPCON TACON SUPPORT Administrative Branch ADCON SECAF Combatant Commander CSAF COMAFFOR C/JFACC SO Forces Army Forces Navy Forces Marine Corps Forces Air Force Forces COCOM OPCON TACON ADCON

  22. Building a Joint ForceCommand Relationships • COCOM • Command authority over assigned forces, vested only in CCDRs • Cannot be delegated or transferred • OPCON • Authority to organize and employ • Assign tasks to accomplish mission • Must be specified by SECDEF when forces transfer across CCDR lines • May be delegated within command lines by JFC holding OPCON

  23. Building a Joint ForceCommand Relationships • TACON • Authority limited to detailed, usually local, direction / control of movements or maneuvers to accomplish mission • Must be specified by SECDEF when forces transfer across CCDR lines • May be delegated within command lines by JFC holding OPCON • SUPPORT • Authority to aid, assist, protect, or sustain another organization • Support relationships between CCDRs established by SECDEF • Support relationships between components within a combatant command are established by the CCDR

  24. Building a Joint ForceCommand Authorities • ADCON • Authority necessary to fulfill Military Department statutory responsibilities for administration and support. • Organization of Service forces • Control of resources and equipment • Personnel management • Logistics • Individual and unit training • Readiness • Mobilization & demobilization, • Discipline • Other matters not included in the operational missions of the subordinate or other organizations.

  25. Providing Forces • Apportioned Forces -- Those forces and resources assumed to be available for contingency planning as of a certain date. • May include those • Assigned • Expected through Mobilization • Programmed • Apportioned by the Global Force Management Implementation Guidance (GFMIG), Section IV

  26. Providing Forces • Allocation -- Those forces and resources provided by the President or Secretary of Defenses for execution planning or actual implementation • May include • Rotational for annual requirement • Emergent forces for emerging or crisis based requirements

  27. Providing Forces • Assignment is a permanent transfer of forces • Accomplished via the SECDEF’s Forces For Memorandum in Section II of the GFMIG • Forces are assigned to a combatant commander • Combatant Commander has COCOM over assigned forces • Attachment is a temporary transfer of forces • Ex: Units attached “for the duration” of an operation • Command Relationship (OPCON or TACON) will be specified • When forces are transferred, the command relationship to be gained by the gaining commander and to be relinquished by the losing commander is specified • A JFC normally receives OPCON of assigned and attached forces • Forces not transferred with specification of OPCON or TACON may be established in Support

  28. C2 of Air Force Forces • References and Terms Defined • Building a Joint Force • Air Force Forces in a Joint Force • Optional Structures and Command Relationships • Theater COMAFFOR/JFACC in Support to JTF • Theater and Sub-Theater COMAFFOR/JFACC • Theater COMAFFOR/JFACC with AETF-X in Direct Support • Summary & Questions

  29. Air Force Forces in a Joint Force • Airpower is best employed through Centralized Control and Decentralized Execution • The Airman’s Perspective is focused at the same level as the JFC’s operational area • Air forces should not be subdivided below the level of the JFC’s operational area • Airpower is (almost) always a high demand/low density resource for the JFC • CC/DE best exploits the inherent speed, range and flexibility of airpower • Penny packeting below the level of the JFC impedes rapid mass and maneuver of available forces to meet JFC objectives and changing conditions

  30. Theater COMAFFOR/JFACC in Support JFLCC JFMCC JFACC JTF NOA Support JACCE COMARFOR JFLCC JFMCC COMNAVFOR COMMARFOR MAGTF Task Force CSG/ESG Air Force Forces

  31. Theater COMAFFOR/JFACC in Support OPCON retained by USAFE/CC JFLCC JFMCC JFACC JTF NOA Support JACCE COMARFOR JFLCC JFMCC COMNAVFOR COMMARFOR MAGTF Task Force CSG/ESG Air Force Forces

  32. Theater COMAFFOR/JFACC in Support CDRUSEUCOM establishes Theater COMAFFOR/JFACC as Supporting and JTF/CC as Supported JFLCC JFMCC JFACC JTF NOA Support JACCE COMARFOR JFLCC JFMCC COMNAVFOR COMMARFOR MAGTF Task Force CSG/ESG Air Force Forces

  33. Theater COMAFFOR/JFACC in Support Theater COMAFFOR/JFACC provides a JACCE to JTF/CC JFLCC JFMCC JFACC JTF NOA Support JACCE COMARFOR JFLCC JFMCC COMNAVFOR COMMARFOR MAGTF Task Force CSG/ESG Air Force Forces

  34. Theater COMAFFOR/JFACC In Support • PROs • Effective use of limited resources across multiple JTFs • Enables theater-wide focus; avoids JTF “tunnel vision” • CONS • Building trust and confidence that the supporting CCDR level COMAFFOR/JFACC is meeting the JTF needs • Prioritization of supporting AF forces between supported JTFs • Competing number of stars between COMAFFOR and CDR JTF • Perception -- Is the Air Force really “all in?”

  35. Theater and Sub-Theater COMAFFOR/JFACC JFLCC JFMCC JFACC JTF NOA Support JACCE COMARFOR JFLCC JFMCC COMNAVFOR COMAFFOR JFACC COMMARFOR MAGTF Task Force CSG/ESG 3 AETF NOA COCOM OPCON TACON ADCON

  36. Theater and Sub-Theater COMAFFOR/JFACC OPCON relinquished by USAFE/CC, transferred to sub-theater JFC JFLCC JFMCC JFACC JTF NOA Support JACCE COMARFOR JFLCC JFMCC COMNAVFOR COMAFFOR JFACC COMMARFOR MAGTF Task Force CSG/ESG 3 AETF NOA COCOM OPCON TACON ADCON

  37. Theater and Sub-Theater COMAFFOR/JFACC AETF/CC is COMAFFOR to sub-theater JFC JFLCC JFMCC JFACC JTF NOA Support JACCE COMARFOR JFLCC JFMCC COMNAVFOR COMAFFOR JFACC COMMARFOR MAGTF Task Force CSG/ESG AETF NOA COCOM OPCON TACON ADCON

  38. Theater and Sub-Theater COMAFFOR/JFACC AETF/CC designated JFACC for JOA by sub-theater JFC JFLCC JFMCC JFACC JTF NOA Support JACCE COMARFOR JFLCC JFMCC COMNAVFOR COMAFFOR JFACC COMMARFOR MAGTF Task Force CSG/ESG AETF NOA COCOM OPCON TACON ADCON

  39. Theater and Sub-Theater COMAFFOR/JFACC • PROs • Dedicated JTF level resources while retaining flexibility at CCDR level • Perception of “one team, one fight” – Air Force is all in the JTF level • Focus on both JTF level missions and CCDR level with dedicated assets • CONS • Potential confusion of chain of command over different level AF forces • Resource (manpower and equipment) drain for multiple level C2 nodes • Reduced flexibility of attached forces to swing to other areas • Division of resources and functions between different level C2 nodes • Prioritization of CCDR retained AF forces between supported JTF

  40. Theater COMAFFOR/JFACC With AETF-X in Direct Support JFLCC JFMCC JFACC JTF NOA Support JACCE COMARFOR JFLCC JFMCC COMNAVFOR COMMARFOR MAGTF Task Force CSG/ESG Air Force Forces 3 AETF NOA

  41. Theater COMAFFOR/JFACC With AETF-X in Direct Support CDRUSEUCOM establishes COMUSAFE as Supporting and CDR JTF-NOA as Supported JFLCC JFMCC JFACC JTF NOA Support JACCE COMARFOR JFLCC JFMCC COMNAVFOR COMMARFOR MAGTF Task Force CSG/ESG Air Force Forces 3 AETF NOA

  42. Theater COMAFFOR/JFACC With AETF-X in Direct Support COMUSAFE establishes 3 AETF-NOA as intermediate command between USAFE and AEWs JFLCC JFMCC JFACC JTF NOA Support JACCE COMARFOR JFLCC JFMCC COMNAVFOR COMMARFOR MAGTF Task Force CSG/ESG Air Force Forces 3 AETF NOA

  43. Theater COMAFFOR/JFACC With AETF-X in Direct Support JFLCC JFMCC JFACC JTF NOA Support JACCE COMARFOR JFLCC JFMCC COMNAVFOR COMMARFOR MAGTF Task Force CSG/ESG Air Force Forces 3 AETF NOA COMUSAFE delegates some elements of OPCON and ADCON to 3 AETF-NOA/CC

  44. Theater COMAFFOR/JFACC With AETF-X in Direct Support COMUSAFE places 3 AETF-NOA in Direct Support to JTF-NOA/CC JFLCC JFMCC JFACC JTF NOA Direct Support Support JACCE COMARFOR JFLCC JFMCC COMNAVFOR COMMARFOR MAGTF Task Force CSG/ESG Air Force Forces 3 AETF NOA

  45. Theater COMAFFOR/JFACC With AETF-X in Direct Support Designation “AETF-X” is only necessary if it is a multi-AEW echelon. JFLCC JFMCC JFACC JTF NOA Support JACCE COMARFOR JFLCC JFMCC COMNAVFOR COMMARFOR MAGTF Task Force CSG/ESG Air Force Forces 3 AETF NOA

  46. Theater COMAFFOR/JFACC With AETF-X in Direct Support Is it time to establish the Air Expeditionary Division (AED) as a multi-AEW echelon for contingencies only? JFLCC JFMCC JFACC JTF NOA Support JACCE COMARFOR JFLCC JFMCC COMNAVFOR COMMARFOR MAGTF Task Force CSG/ESG Air Force Forces 3 AETF NOA

  47. Theater COMAFFOR/JFACC with AETF-X in Direct Support • PROs • Focused JOA level resources while retaining flexibility at COMAFFOR level • Perception of “one team, one fight” – Air Force is all in the JTF level • Less duplication of C2 assets at multiple levels • CONS • Potential confusion of chain of command over different level AF forces • Prioritization of AF forces between supported JTFs

  48. Air Force Forces in a Joint Force • Terms Defined • Building a Joint Force • Optional Structures and Command Relationships • Summary & Questions

  49. Summary • Air Force Forces are provided to do the Joint Force Commander’s business • Even when AF forces are part of a joint force, the Air Force retains responsibility for proper organization, training and equipping • Remember what authorities and responsibilities are given to which branch of the chain of command • Operational and Administrative branches meet at the COMAFFOR • The JFACC is a different “hat” in the Operational branch • Use doctrine as your starting position, but be prepared to deviate when required for compelling operational reasons • Put your organizational structure and command relationships in writing and PUBLISH IT

  50. Questions - Discussion - Feedback At the very heart of warfare lies doctrine . . .

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