761-766 Draw inferences from facts. Describe the new, radical ideas that

1. 761-766 • Draw inferences from facts. • Describe the new, radical ideas that • grew during the Nineteenth Century.

2. What is an inference? • Using logic and reason to reach a conclusion based on existing facts or observations. • Practice inferring: • Read the four summaries of economic theorists: • Adam Smith • Thomas Malthus • David Ricardo • Karl Marx • Discuss which statements can be inferred from the summaries.

3. Group Topics: • Conservatism (Review p. 759 in McKay) • Liberalism • Nationalism • French Utopian Socialists • Marxian Socialism (“Scientific Socialism”) • Fill out your section of the chart using McKay • and other provided AP texts to present to the • class. (5-10m.)

4. Conservatism • Beliefs: • Maintain “status quo” • Nobility was source of all human institutions • Liberalism caused war, bloodshed • Blames the middle class for “stirring up” the lower classes • Feared “self-determination” • Terms/Events: • Congress of Vienna • Carlsbad Decrees • Holy Alliance • Quadruple Alliance • People: • Metternich • Talleyrand • Castlereagh • Czar Alexander I • King Frederick William III Metternich of Austria

5. Liberalism • Focus on liberty, equality, representative government, personal freedoms of speech, press and religion.forcitizens. • Liberalism was NOT defeated by The Congress of Vienna. • Critics attacked it’s laissez-faire or “classical liberalism” as leading to unrestricted private enterprise. • Adam Smith’s “Wealth of Nations” promoted idea of an “invisible hand” regulating this laissez-faire (hands off) economy. • After 1815, liberalism came to be identified with the interests of capitalists (middle class). Adam Smith “Wealth of Nations”

6. Nationalism • Strong patriotic feeling • for one’s nation, region, • culture and language. • Sought to turn cultural • unity into political: • -Jules Michelet (France) • -Guiseppe Mazzini (Italy) • Often used ceremonies, • holidays, parades to • celebrate national culture. • Linked to liberal republican • political ideology. • By defining “the nation” a • dangerous “we-they” • dichotomy is established. Giuseppe Mazzini

7. French Utopian Socialists • Government planning of the economy. • Greater economic equality among the people. • State would regulate and/or own property.

8. Henri St. Simon Key to industrialization is a social organization where the “parasites” (aristocracy) let the “doers” (industrialists) plan the economy.

9. Charles Fourier • Planned self-sufficient • communities of exactly • 1,620 people. • Total emancipation of • women. • Viewed marriage as a form • of prostitution. • Most saw him as immoral.

10. Louis Blanc • Urged workers to go on • strike and take over • the government peacefully • and then establish state • workshops to insure full • employment.

11. Pierre Proudhon -Pamphlet “What is Property?” Suggested it was theft in that property had been stolen from the worker. -He was unusual in that he feared a strong state, was viewed as an anarchist.

12. Karl Marx • “Communist Manifesto” (1848) • Marx predicted the proletariat • would overthrow the bourgeoisie • in violent revolution. • “Scientific Socialism” (Dialectical • Materialism) or Communism. • Influenced by: • David Ricardo - • “Iron Law of Wages” • Georg Hegel • “Historical Evolution” Karl Marx, 1818-1883