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Petaloid Monocots

Monocots 25% of flowering plants (11 orders). Petaloid Monocots. Poales. Juncaceae. 6-tepals. 3-ranked leaves. Leaf sheath open. Stem Solid, Round x-sec. Juncus dudleyi. Juncus balticus. Luzula , Juncaceae. Note 6 tepals (dull-colored) 6 stamens

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Petaloid Monocots

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  1. Monocots 25% of flowering plants (11 orders) Petaloid Monocots

  2. Poales

  3. Juncaceae 6-tepals 3-ranked leaves Leaf sheath open Stem Solid, Round x-sec.

  4. Juncus dudleyi

  5. Juncus balticus

  6. Luzula, Juncaceae Note 6 tepals (dull-colored) 6 stamens 3 fused carpels, 3 stigma lobes

  7. Cyperaceae Loss of tepals in male flowers Fruit= Achene Leaf Sheath Fused Perigynium Tepals reduced to bristels in female flowers 3-ranked leaves

  8. Cyperaceae Carex sp. Note female spiklets

  9. Male Spikelet Female Spikelet Carex viridula

  10. Male spikelet The perigynium a modified sac like bract surrounding the ovary or achene is a feature of the Cyperaceae. Note stigmas protruding from the top. Female Spikelet

  11. Fig. 5. Silica body morphologies found in the Poales and Dasypogonaceae. A.Carex intermedia (Cyperaceae), lateral view of a conical silica body with tiny spines projecting near the base (bar = 10 μ). B.Abildgaardia monostachya (Cyperaceae), conical bodies with satellites in epidermis (bar = 10 μ). C.Juncus inflexus (Juncaceae), silica sand in bundle-sheath cells (bar = 20 μ). D.Juncus arabicus (Juncaceae), silica sand in vascular bundle-sheath cells (bar = 10 μ). E.Thamnochortus floribundus (Restionaceae), an irregular or granular form of silica observed in epidermal cells (bar = 10 μ). F.Anthochortus ecklonii (Restionaceae), spherical silica bodies overlying the sclerenchymatous bundle sheath (bar = 10 μ). G.Thurnia jenmanii (Thurniaceae), numerous small spherical/nodular bodies in epidermal cells (bar = 10 μ). H.Kingia australis (Dasypogonaceae), spherical silica bodies with a rugose surface in epidermal cells (bar = 10 μ). J.Dasypogon bromeliifolius (Dasypogonaceae), epidermal silica sand (bar = 20 μ).

  12. Poaceae Special inflorescence &flower structure Ligule present and sheath not fused 2-ranked leaves Fruit = caryopsis Round x-section & hollow stem

  13. Note dominance of grasslands/savannahs ( ) and croplands ( ) which are mainly planted in grasses. Members of the Poaceae dominate the land surface.

  14. The grasslands of East Africa.

  15. The Savannah of East Africa

  16. Artificial Grass Community

  17. Braidwood Savannah and Dunes

  18. Morton Prairie, Illinois

  19. Most of our prairie has been converted to cropland.

  20. Poaceae Special inflorescence &flower structure Ligule present and sheath not fused 2-ranked leaves Fruit = caryopsis Round x-section & hollow stem

  21. Poaceae Grass Flowers Anthers Stigmas (branched and feathery)

  22. Top Yielding Crops in 1986 and 2001 (data from FAO) Crop Yield 1986 Yield 2001 Sugar Cane 932 1,273 Corn 481 614 Rice 476 595 Wheat 528 587 Potato 309 309 Sugar Beet 286 229 Soybean 95 176 Manioc 137 131 Sweet Potato 110 135 Sorghum 71 60 Banana/Plantains 68 97 Grapes 67 61 Tomatoes 60 65 Oats 48 44

  23. Wheat caryopsis, germ = embryo

  24. Wheat Seeds - Endosperm and Embryo (Germ)

  25. Stigmas Anthers

  26. Fig. 6. Silica body morphologies found in the epidermal cells of Poaceae. Aristida setigera, dumbbell-shaped silica bodies (bar = 10 μ). B. Brachiaria jubata, a form of silica intermediate between the dumbbell-shaped form and the cross-shaped form (bar = 10 μ). Apochiton burttii, cross-shaped silica bodies (bar = 10 μ). Aegilops triaristata, a horizontally elongated silica body with sinuous outlines (bar = 10 μ). Anthochloa lepidula, horizontally elongated bodies with smooth outlines (bar = 20 μ). Astrebla squarrosa, saddle-shaped silica bodies (bar = 10 μ). Agropyron elongatum, a conical silica body (bar = 20 μ).

  27. High-crowned mammoth molar from the permafrost sea cliff at Elephant Point, 1/2 mile south of Kotzebue, Alaska. (The scale is a penny). (Courtesy of the Inman Family)

  28. Initial drafts of rice (Oryza sativa) genome reported in 2002: 2 sub species Indica - China and most of Asia Japonica- Japan and temperate areas

  29. Shattering was a major problem in the domestication of grains.

  30. sh4 levels increase to higher levels in O. nivara sh4 is expressed at the junction of the pedicel and the fruit. More force is required to pull away grains in O. sativa Sh4 activity in Rice. Oryza sativa = cultivated rice (Li et al. 2006. Science 311:1936-39.)Oryza nivara = ancestral rice

  31. The cellulose synthase superfamily in rice. The CesA genes, CslA genes, and cereal-specific CslF genes encode enzymes (as indicated) that are required for the synthesis of cell wall constituents. Functions of other superfamily members are presently unknown. The alignment of deduced protein sequences was constructed with CLUSTAL W and the unrooted tree figure was drawn with TreeView (11). [Figure based on the completed genome sequence of rice (www.prl.msu.edu/walton/CSL_updates.htm)]
PHOTO CREDIT: CORBIS

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