Pre-Indo -European Languages of W estern and Southern Europe 18.11.2014

1. Pre-Indo-European Languagesof Western and Southern Europe18.11.2014 Oliver Simkin

4. Types of Evidence • 1. Living Language (Basque) • 2. Inscriptions in Extinct Languages • 3. Substratum loanwords

5. 4 Pre-Indo-European Languages • Basque • Iberian • Etruscan • Eteocretan

19. Basque • Basque names in Roman, Iberian inscriptions: 100 BC – 300 AD • First texts in Basque: 1040

21. Where does Basque come from? A Problem of Prehistory

23. Near-Eastern DNA in Europe

25. Basque Consonant System p t c k b d Ɉ g m n ɲ l ʎ s̪ s̺ ʃ ts̪ ts̺ tʃ f ʝ h ɾ r

26. Proto-Basque Phonemic Inventory Lenis b d g n l r s ś h Fortis (p) t k N L R ts tś a e i o u

27. Proto-Basque Phonotactics No initial r- No CR clusters: CVRSC syllabic template No initial d- except in finite verb-forms Restricted distribution of Fortis consonants

28. (Proto-)Basque Morphology • Agglutinative • Polysynthetic • Ergative • Nouns – cases formed by suffixes • Verbs – prefixes and suffixes ikas̺i learn irakats̺i teach is̪eki burn iras̪eki set fire to

31. Iberian Morphology • Agglutinative • Polysynthetic • Ergative ??? • Nouns – not much sign of a case system • Verbs – prefixes, suffixes, incorporation biderokededinesesdirgadedin basbiderokedine baserokeiunbaida

32. Proto-Basque Phonemic Inventory b d g n l r s ś h (p) t k N L R ts tś a e i o u Iberian Phonemic Inventory b d g n l r s ś t k (N) L R a e i o u ã

33. Basque and Iberian Phonological Similarities No bilabial nasal m No glides w y No fricatives f v θđ No long vowels Two sibilants Two rhotics, probably also two liquids etc.

34. Basque-Iberian Phonotactic Similarities • No initial r- • Initial d- is grammatically restricted • No CR clusters: CVRSC syllable template • Restricted distribution of fortis consonants • [m] only as a restricted allophone of /b/ • Fortis consonants at compound juncture

35. Etruscan

36. The Tyrrhenian family: Etruscan, Rhaetic, Lemnian Tursenoi Etrusci Rasna

40. Lemnian seems to have an Italic loanword napʰotʰ ‘grandson’. • Lemnian seems close to Etruscan, not so close to Rhaetic. • The ‘Sea People’, who sailed east to attack the Hittites and Egyptians c.1200 BC onwards, included people called Turusha.

41. Etruscan – Anatolian Connections • Genetic evidence (people, cows) • Linguistic evidence (apparent Anatolian loanwords in Etruscan) • Archaeological evidence (similar tombs) • Folk tradition (Herodotus, etc)

43. Etruscan PIE Basque Sun usil seHwel- egus̪ki Moon tiwr meHnes- ilargi Earth kel dʰegʰem- lur Water tʰi wod-r ur Father apa pHter- aita Mother ati meHter- ama Brother ruwa bʰreHter- anaia Son klan suHnus s̺eme

44. Etruscan Phonemic Inventory pʰ tʰ kʰ p t k m n f s ʃ h ts r l y w a e i u

45. Etruscan Morphology • Inflectional, not polysynthetic • Suffixing • Nominal case-system • Nominative-accusative, not ergative • Verbs not marked for person or number

46. Etruscan case system Nouns Demonstr.prn. 1sg.prn. Nom. -ø -ø mi Acc. -ø -an mini Gen. -as -as ? ‘2nd.Gen.’ -al -la ? Abl. -is -is ? Loc. -i / -tʰi -i / -tʰi ?

47. Eteocretan

50. Eteocretan