The Three divisions of the Chapter

1. The Three divisions of the Chapter • The Enlightenment, The American Revolution, and the French Revolution as the “mothers” of events to follow • The Haitian and Latin American Revolutions are the children of those before it. • Finally, the importance of Nationalism and Napoleon combining with previous experiences with revolution to produce Italy, Germany, Canada, and Zionism

2. Thematic Explanation • The Basic Idea is this: Revolution • Intellectual Revolutions in the enlightenment and in the ideas of conservatism and liberalism • Political Revolutions in America-France, and Haiti-Latin America • Social Revolutions in the roles of women and the ending of slavery • This chapter has huge possibilities for the AP Exam, if you have read it, it may be worth a re-read

3. The Enlightenment • It must be made clear that though the Enlightenment (1680-1750) is the main intellectual movement that catalyzes the Age of Revolutions, the Philosophes were not revolutionaries or radicals in any view • They acted in the spirit of positive criticism to improve the status quo, not to overthrow the status quo. • They would mold modern concepts of political, economic, and social structures.

4. Enlightenment Ideas • Popular sovereignty • Ancient and medieval notions of kingship: “mandate of heaven,” “divine right of kings” • Impact of Enlightenment ideas question this • Kings are to be made responsible to subject populations • John Locke (1632-1704) • Second Treatise of Civil Government (1609) • Argues that rulers derive power from consent of ruled • Individuals retain personal rights, give political rights to rulers

5. Enlightenment Ideas • John Locke, Cont. • This idea is termed the ‘Social Contract’ • Ruler’s must guarantee the life, liberty, and property of their citizens. . . If not? Revolution is justified • Individual Freedoms • Voltaire (1694-1778) • Believed in religious toleration • Fought for freedom of expression using essays and satirical plays • Voltaire is widely considered to be the most prolific philosophe of his age

6. Equal rights • Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) • Argues for equality of all individuals, regardless of class, before the law • The Social Contract (1762), argues that society is collectively the sovereign • Sounds like Locke right? Rousseau went further by suggesting a government without constitutional monarchy • Rousseau would apply this to his concept of ‘common men’ but not to people such as women, children, slaves, or peoples of color • His ideas would inspire several world revolutions

7. ?Absolutism vs. Enlightenment? • The Age of Absolute Rulers was at its peak when the Enlightenment would come about • So in countries with oppressive rule, there were ideas and theories of better governmental rule • There were also the early constitutional monarchy of England and the Republic of Netherlands that served as living examples of the Enlightenment • This was an age at odds with itself

8. Revolutions • American Revolution (1776-1787) • French Revolution (1789) • Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) • Island of Hispaniola • Latin American Revolutions • 1810-1825, movements for Creole-dominated republics • Hidalgo; Bolivar • Revolutions often failed to bring social change • In the US, full political and social rights were accorded to men of property

9. The American Revolution 1. French and Indian War 2. Taxation- Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Tea Act, Townshend Acts and Navigation Acts 3. “No Taxation without Representation” 4. Boycotts, Boston Tea Party, and the Continental Congress • Declaration of Independence • Revolutionary War, 1787*, Bill of Rights Ultimate Result?

10. How Revolutionary was this revolution?

11. Take a look at the Founders of America. . . Who are they?

12. While some people starved, she lived in luxury? • What are the necessities for the peasant’s wager? • Who is Crane Brinton?

13. French Revolution • Came after the American Revolution, thus was influenced by it. • Much more radical. • A truer revolution in the sense that it was not a nationalistic uprising, but an overturning of the status quo • Began with an economic situation (like American?)

14. Ancien’ Regime • Estates General • 1st Clergy • 2nd Nobility • 3rd Commoners - Bourgeoisie - Peasants* - Urban Poor (sans- Culottes) Had not met for 150 years previous

15. National Assembly, ‘Tennis Court Oath’ Third Estate decides to withdraw from the Estates General, and took oaths to continue meeting until France had a written Constitution! This precipitated the storming of the Bastille, and the signing of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.

16. Liberty, Equality, Fraternity • Assembly dismantled the rights of the 1st and second estate • Removed the influence of the Catholic Church in French (PES)* • Made France into a Constitutional Monarchy

17. Lunatic Fringe • How would France’s neighbors react to this change? • What would be France’s resulting ‘Oh Yeah?’ • National Convention • Levee en mass • Committee of Public Safety • Maximillien Robespierre • Reign of Terror • ‘Cult of Reason’ vs. Catholic Church

18. Thermidorian Reaction • Radical Revolution turned on itself • Government shifts and conservatives take power to form the Directory • Ultimately proves ineffective

19. Enter Napoleon Bonaparte • Successful General, Revolutionary Supporter • Promise of stability, and security for a war torn country • Coup d’etat • First Consul • Emperor • Concordat • Napoleonic Code

20. How Revolutionary was this revolution?

21. Emergence of Modern Ideologies • An ideology is a coherent vision of human nature, society, and the larger world that proposes some particular form of political and social order. • These two polar philosophies grew out of the world’s rationalization of the American and French Revolutions • Conservatism • Edmund Burke (England, 1729-1797) • Viewed society as a slowly developing organism which must be sheltered from radical/revolutionary ideals because of their ultimate result. • Saw the American Revolution as a positive, natural event and the French Revolution as a negative chaotic attack on tradition and social order • Believed in slow progressive change, if any.

22. Liberalism • Liberalism • Welcomed change as normal and required in order to progress • Saw change as tied closely to the Enlightenment ideals of liberty and reason • Viewed conservatives as defenders of illegitimate status quo (tyranny of the majority, and powerful minorities) • Manage, not stifle, social change (Dam or direct the river) • John Stuart Mill (England, 1806-1873), supported universal suffrage in order to advance personal freedom. • This makes him unique among his time because of his desire to extend voting to women as well as men of the working class.

23. Key ideas of the Secondary revolutions • “He who serves a revolution, has plowed the sea” Caudillos

25. Latin America in 1830

26. End of the Institution ofSlavery • The End of the Slave Trade • Campaign to end slavery begins in 18th century • England abolished slave trade, 1807 • Other states follow suit, but illegal trade continues until 1867 • The End of the Institution of Slavery • Haiti: slavery ends with revolution1804 • Mexico slavery abolished 1829 • Britain abolishes slavery 1833 • Other states follow, but offer freedom without equality • Property requirements, literacy tests, etc. block voting

27. Enlightenment Ideals and Women • Enlightenment thinkers remained conservative regarding women’s rights • Women claimed and struggled for legal and political rights • Mary Astell (England, 1666-1731) • argues that women are essentially born into slavery • Mary Wollstonecraft (England, 1759-1797) • A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) • Argues with Rousseau that Women are the equal to Men • Olympe de Gouges (1745-1793) • Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen • Claimed same rights for women that revolutionary leaders had granted to men in 1789 in France. • Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902) • Organized a conference at Seneca Falls, NY, in 1848

28. Nations and Nationalism • “Nation” a type of community, especially prominent in 19th century • Distinct from clan, religious, regional identities • Usually based on shared language, customs, values, historical experience • Sometimes common religion • Idea of nation has immediate relationship with political boundaries

29. 2 questions • What is the difference between a nation and a nation-state? • What conditions are necessary for a nation to exist within an empire (2 possible answers)?

30. Types of Nationalism • Cultural nationalism • Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744-1803) praises the Volk (“people”) • Literature, folklore, music as expressions of Volksgeist: “spirit of the people” • Political nationalism • Movement for political independence of nation from other authorities • Unification of national lands • Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872), “Young Italy”

31. Nationalism and Anti-Semitism • Nationalist ideologies distrustful of indigenous minorities • Pogroms, violent attacks on Jewish communities in Russian Empire beginning 1881 • Anti-Semitism rallying cry of many European nationalists • French military Captain Alfred Dreyfus framed for selling military secrets to Germany • Eventually exonerated, but great debate on loyalty of Jews in European societies

32. Zionism • Theodor Herzl (Austria, 1860-1904) journalist at Dreyfus trial • Observed intense mob anti-Semitism, concluded that Enlightenment and revolution could not solve this human ill • Worked to create refuge for Jews by re-establishing Jewish state in Palestine • Zion synonymous with Jerusalem

33. National Rebellions • Greeks in Balkan peninsula seek independence from Ottoman Turks, 1821 • With European help, Greece achieves independence in 1830 • Rebellions all over Europe, especially in 1848 • Rebels take Vienna, Metternich resigns and flees • But rebellions put down by 1849

34. Unifications of Italy and Germany • Italy and Germany formerly disunited groups of regional kingdoms, city-states, ecclesiastical states • Germany: over three hundred semiautonomous jurisdictions • Nationalist sentiment develops idea of unification

35. Unification of Italy and Germany