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Policy Responses to Demographic Change

Policy Responses to Demographic Change. Population Policies. Pro-natalist / Expansive. Anti-natalist / Restrictive. Why would a country want a pro- natalist policy ?. http://www.aishbaltimore.com/zz/family/rebbitzen/The_Joys_of_A_Large_Family.asp.

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Policy Responses to Demographic Change

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  1. Policy Responses to Demographic Change

  2. Population Policies Pro-natalist / Expansive Anti-natalist / Restrictive

  3. Why would a country want a pro-natalist policy ? http://www.aishbaltimore.com/zz/family/rebbitzen/The_Joys_of_A_Large_Family.asp http://www.imb.org/southern-africa/images/Malagasy_children.jpg

  4. Why would a country want an anti-natalist policy ? http://www.upiasia.com/thumbnails/63232c7d88b2a81dfa3c881741f3ac7a.jpg

  5. Population Policies • Expansion Policies • Encourage large families • Tax incentives • Eugenic Policies • Policies designed to favor one sector over another

  6. Population Policies • Restrictive Policies • Toleration of unapproved birth control • Prohibition of large families

  7. Population Control • Obstacles • Manufacture/distribution expense • Religion • Low female status • Preference for male children

  8. Birth Control Programs • One family/one child policies • Female infanticide • Social compensation fees • Sterilization • Loss of status • Termination healthcare/food coupons • Free birth control • Increased literacy

  9. Limitations of Population Policies • Urbanization and industrialization more effective than restrictive properties • Education of women helps more than sex education (1 year education = reduces fertility by 5-10 percent) • Restricting immigration ages a population

  10. Japan vs. China

  11. Japan – Post WWII • Refugees return from colonies • Soldiers return home to families • American occupation improved medical stuff • Birth rate increased and death rate dropped

  12. Japan – Eugenic Protection Act • Legalized abortions for social, medical, and economic reasons • Contraceptives were made available • Enormous abortions brought down the birth rate • BR +34 per 1000 in 1947 • BR 18 per 1000 in 1957

  13. Japan – Expansionary Policy • 1991 – government encouraged parents to have larger families • Immigration restrictions limit influx of younger workers • Will probably use technology to improve productivity • Japan on the road to negative growth

  14. Japan – Aging Crisis • 23,000 – Centenarians • Grows by 13% annually • Oldest member 114

  15. Japan – Economic Impact • Under 100 million people by the middle of the century • 30 million fewer workers at a time when the number of elderly will have almost doubled • By 2050, if the birth rate remains the same people over 60 will make up over 30% of the population

  16. China – Under Mao • Mao Zedong was against population control • Following Mao’s death in 1979 the government introduced population controls

  17. China – One Child Policy • 1979 Policy to encourage couples to have one child • Applied loosely at first, which did not work • Restrictions tightened in 1982 • Created dramatic reduction in the birth rate

  18. One Child Policy 1979 - rewards start once 1 child contract is signed • Rewards • free medical care • free daycare and schooling • guaranteed job for child • bonuses for parents • extra maternity leave • better housing • bigger old age pension • Penalties • must repay financial • benefits • educational, medical • benefits, & guaranteed • jobs are withdrawn • parents’ wages reduced

  19. Penalties and hardships of the one-child policy • Farming families had no extra labor and defied authorities • Gov’t fired offenders from jobs

  20. 80,000 Family Planning Workers source: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html Practice birth control for the revolution

  21. source: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html source: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html

  22. source: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html

  23. Millions of dollars have been spent on education and on advertising. http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html

  24. http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html

  25. http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html Carry out family planning Implement the basic national policy

  26. Clever and pretty healthy and lovely source: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html

  27. http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html

  28. http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html

  29. http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html

  30. Why do the posters often suggest an association between economic prosperity and happy 1 child families ?

  31. China – Social Impact • Female infanticide • Over 300,000 more males survive than females • Future males will substantially outnumber females • Social consequences are unknown

  32. How many missing girls are there in the under 20 categories ?

  33. China – Relaxation of Policy • 1984 – regulations loosened • Weakened enforcement • Peasants with rising incomes would pay the fines for births • 2000 Growth rate = .9%

  34. The End!

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