INTRODUCTION TO ZOOLOGY

1. INTRODUCTION TO ZOOLOGY TAXONOMY AND CLASSIFICATION

2. ZOO= OLOGY= ANIMAL THE STUDY OF Meaning of zoology

3. Animals without a backbone Invertebrates Divided into 34 phyla but we will only study 9 of these Animals with a backbone Vertebrates Divided into sevenclasses within one phylum - Chordata The Animal kingdom has two major divisions

4. TAXONOMY-the study of classification • The father of taxonomy was CAROLUS LINNAEUS • BORN IN SWEDEN IN 1707, he produced an extensive system of classification for both plants and animals • He used Phylogeny( the comparative study of Organismal structure) • He gave organisms a distinctive name he called a species epithet. • He organized specimens in an ascending series of groups of more and more distant relatedness. This is called a Hieriarical system and is now known as the “BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE” system “A two name system” because he used the Genus and species name to identify the organism

5. LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION In the animal kingdom there are seven mandatory ranks in ascending order from least inclusive to most inclusive DOMAIN KINGDOM PHYLA CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES

6. BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE An organism’s scientific name is made up of Genus- always capitalized because it is a noun species-always lower case because it is an adjective also, either written in Italics or underlined to identify it Example- Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens

7. Sometimes common names are very misleading

8. WHY A NEED FOR SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION? In many places, the same animal is known by a different name.

9. Two definitions of species 1. “A species is a reproductive community of populations that occupies a specific niche in the natural world.” 2. “An interbreeding population of individuals having common descent and sharing characteristics.”

10. A major goal of Taxonomists is to create a Phylogeny A phylogeny is a evolutionary tree that relates all extant species to all extinct species

11. CHARACTERISTICS USED FOR CLASSIFICATION 1. Morphology- looks like something else 2. Biochemical similarities- DNA is alike 3. Embryology-embryos are similar as they develop 4. Cytology- chromosomal size, shape & number 5. Most important- Breeding Potential- the ability to breed together and produce fertile offspring

12. DOMAINS OF LIFE • ARCHAEA-life extremists, found in the harshest environments on earth • Extreme halophiles (salt lovers) • Extreme thermophiles (heat or cold lovers) • Methanogens (eat CO2, H and N and excrete methane gas • BACTERIA- organisms without a membrane-bound nucleus or organelles • Cyanobacteria-photosynthetic “blue-green” bacteria • Eubacteria-true bacteria • EUKARYOTA- organisms with membrane bound nucleus and organelles-divided into four kingdoms • Animalia • Fungi • Plantae • Protista

13. KINGDOM PROTISTA • SINGLE CELLED ORGANISMS • SOME ARE PHOTOSYNTHETIC • ARE HETEROTROPHIC • LIVE IN SOIL, WATER OR AS PARASITES • CAN MOVE BY PSUEDOPODS • SEEN IN THE FOSSIL RECORD FROM 1.5 BILLION YEARS AGO

14. KINGDOM FUNGI • MUSHROOMS, YEAST, MOLD • USED AS FOOD OR AS FOOD ADDITIVES • IMPORTANT DECOMPOSERS • CAN CAUSE DISEASE- • IN HUMANS, ATHLETES FOOT, RINGWORM AND THRUSH MOUTH … ETC. • IN PLANTS, LEAF AND ROOT ROT, RUST, SMUT

15. KINGDOM PLANTAE • FLOWERING PLANTS, MOSSES, FERNS AND GYMNOSPERMS • FIRST APPEARED ON EARTH 450 MYA • PLANTS USE CHLOROPHYLL (a green pigment) TO CAPTURE LIGHT ENERGY THAT FUELS THE MANUFACTURE OF FOOD-sugars, starchs and carbs • ALL AUTOTROPHS

16. KINGDOM ANIMALIA • ALL CAN MOVE AT SOME POINT IN LIFE CYCLE • ARE HETEROTROPHIC • FIRST APPEARED 700 MYA • (sponges, jellyfish, corals) • “CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION” 550 MYA RESULTED IN ALL MAJOR BODY PLANS IN EXISTANCE TODAY

17. Phylum Porifera means “porebearing” ex. Sponges

18. PhlyumCnidaria • Means “stinging nettle • Representative organisms include: jellyfish, hydras, sea anemones and coral

19. Phylum Platyhelminthes • Means “flatworm” • Example: tapeworms, flukes and planaria

20. Phylum Nematoda • Means “ roundworm” • Mostly parasitic Examples include: Pinworms, heartworms, hookworms, large intestinal roundworms

21. Phylum Mollusca • Means “ soft-bodied” • Representative organisms include: clams, squid, nautilus, octopus And cuttlefish

22. Phylum Annelida • Means “segmented worm” • Examples include: earthworms and leeches

23. Phylum Echinodermata • Means “ spiny-skinned” • Examples include: sea urchins, starfish, sea cucumbers and sand dollars

24. Phylum Arthropoda • Means “ jointed leg” • Examples include: insects, crustaceans and spiders

25. Phylum Chordata • Means “ nerve chord” • There are two superclass divisions • The jawless vertebrates SuperclassAgnatha • Seven Classes of jawed vertebrates SuperclassGnastostomata

26. CLASS AGNATHA • JAWLESS VERTEBRATES • TWO GROUPS-HAGFISH AND LAMPREY

27. CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES meaning “cartilage fish Example: sharks, skates and rays

28. Class Actinoptergii Means “ray-finned fish” ex. Bass, perch, minnow

29. CLASS SARCOPTERGII MEANS “flesh-finned” ex. Lungfish

30. CLASS AMPHIBIA • Means “ double-life” • Frogs, toads, salamanders • All have thin skin and reproduction is tied to water

31. CLASS REPTILIA means “to creep” Four families, turtles, snakes, lizards and crocs

32. CLASS AVES Means “to fly”

33. CLASS MAMMALIA Means “breast animal”